| # OptiVec Version 3 ## for C/C++ and for Pascal/Delphi
OptiCode Dr. Martin Sander Software Development Steinachstr. 9A D-69198 Schriesheim Germany http://www.optivec.com e-mail: support@optivec.com or sales@optivec.com | # Part I. B: Function Reference for VectorLib

A general description of OptiVec is given in HANDBOOK.HTM.
For MatrixLib functions, see MATRIX.HTM, for CMATH functions, see CMATH.HTM.
Chapter 1.2 of HANDBOOK.HTM contains the licence terms for the Shareware version, Chapter 1.3 for the Registered version.

#

8. Alphabetical Reference of Vector Functions

The functions are alphabetically ordered, with the prefixes being neglected for the ordering. The heading of each entry lists all the versions available for a specific function:

VF_example | VD_example | VE_example
VCF_example | VCD_example | VCE_example
Function | Consider, e.g., the "abs" family of functions. It exists in vectorized versions for the three real-number data types float, double, and extended (long double) with the prefixes VF_, VD_, and VE_, for the three cartesian complex-number data types (prefixes VCF_, VCD_, and VCE_), for the three polar complex-number data types (prefixes VPF_, VPD_, and VPE_), and for the signed integer data types int, byte, short int, long int, and quad (prefixes VI_, VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, and VQI_); unsigned numbers are, by their very definition, always positive, and it makes no sense to define the operation "abs" for them; consequently, the VU_, VUB_, VUS_, VUL_, and VUI_ versions are missing.
Syntax C/C++ | In most cases, only the VF_ version is described. All other versions are exactly analogous; one has only to replace the data types float and fVector by the appropriate ones and replace the VF... include file by the one belonging to the desired data type.
C++ VecObj | Here, the syntax of the object-oriented interface is described
Pascal/Delphi | Similarly to the description of the C/C++ syntax, again only the VF_ version is described. Replace the data types float and fVector by the appropriate ones and include the unit belonging to the desired data type into the "uses" clause.
Description | Often, for the sake of simplicity, the brackets around vector element indices are left away. If not stated otherwise, all vector elements from the zero'th up to the last one (with the index size-1) are subjected to the respective operation described. Thus, a formula like Yi = | Xi | is to be understood as an abbreviation for Y[i] = | X[i] |, i=0,...,size-1 or, written as a loop: for( i=0; i<size; i++ ) Y[i] = fabs( X[i] );
Error handling | All types of errors are listed which are detected and handled. The default result is given in each case. C/C++ only: In case of any detected floating-point errors, _matherr or _matherrl are called (see chapter 5.3). Although we do not recommend that, the user may modify _matherr and _matherrl such as to specify other results than those suggested.
Return value | The return value of the respective function is mentioned here.
See also | References to functions without a prefix "V..." refer to the documentation of your C/C++ or Pascal/Delphi compiler. References to chapters 1. to 7. refer to the file HANDBOOK.HTM.

VF_abs | VD_abs | VE_abs
VCF_abs | VCD_abs | VCE_abs
VPF_abs | VPD_abs | VPE_abs
VI_abs | VBI_abs | VSI_abs | VLI_abs | VQI_abs
Function | Absolute value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_abs( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_, VBI_, VSI_, VI_, VLI_, VQI_) int VCF_abs( fVector Y, cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::abs( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::abs( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_abs( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; (similarly VD_, VE_, VSI_, VI_, VLI_, VQI_) function VCF_abs( Y:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
Description | Real and integer versions: Yi = | Xi | VBI_, VSI_, VI_, and VLI_ versions only: due to the implicit modulo-2n arithmetics, the absolute value of the most negative numbers possible ( -32768 for short/SmallInt, -2147483648 for long/LongInt) is stored as the same negative (!) number (-32768 or -2147483648, resp.). Complex versions: Yi = sqrt( Xi.Re2 + Xi.Im2 ) For the complex versions, note that the result is real-valued. For the cartesian complex functions (VC?_abs), the same result may also be obtained slightly faster, but without error handling, using VF_CtoAbs.
Error handling | Real and integer versions: no errors should occur; Complex versions: OVERFLOW errors lead to the default result +HUGE_VAL.
Return value | Floating-point versions: FALSE (0), if error-free, otherwise TRUE (!= 0). The integer versions have no return value.
See also | VF_neg, VCF_conj

VF_absmax | VD_absmax | VE_absmax
VCF_absmax | VCD_absmax | VCE_absmax
VPF_absmax | VPD_absmax | VPE_absmax
Function | Largest absolute value within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_absmax( fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_) float VCF_absmax( cfVector X, ui size); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::absmax(); T vector<complex<T>>::absmax();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_absmax( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) function VCF_absmax( X:cfVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a vector are compared and the largest returned. For complex numbers, the magnitudes of the elements are compared and the largest magnitude is returned. If you need the complex number itself rather than only its magnitude, use VCF_cabsmax. In order to find the greatest real and imaginary parts of cartesian complex vectors separately, call VCF_absmaxReIm.
Error handling | none
Return value | maximum absolute value encountered.
See also | VF_max, VF_absmin, VF_maxexp, VF_runmax, VF_absmaxind, VCF_absmaxReIm, VCF_cabsmax, VCF_sabsmax

VF_absmaxind | VD_absmaxind | VE_absmaxind
VCF_absmaxind | VCD_absmaxind | VCE_absmaxind
VPF_absmaxind | VPD_absmaxind | VPE_absmaxind
Function | Largest absolute value and its index
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_absmaxind( ui *Ind, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_) float VCF_absmaxind( ui *Ind, cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::absmaxind( ui *Ind ); T vector<complex<T>>::absmaxind( ui *Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_absmaxind( var Ind:UInt; X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) function VCF_absmaxind( var Ind:UInt; X:cfVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a vector are compared and the largest returned. For complex numbers, the magnitudes of the elements are compared and the largest returned. The index of this maximum is stored at the address given by Ind. In case of more than one element with the same maximum value, the lowest index is chosen.
Error handling | none
Return value | maximum absolute value encountered.
See also | VF_maxind, VF_absmax, VF_runmax, VF_maxind, VCF_absmaxReIm

VCF_absmaxReIm | VCD_absmaxReIm | VCE_absmaxReIm
Function | Separate determination of the largest absolute values of the real and imaginary parts occurring in a cartesian complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_absmaxReIm( cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> complex<T> vector<complex<T>>::absmaxReIm();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_absmaxReIm( var Max:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
Description | The absolute values of the real parts of all vector elements are compared with each other and the largest one is returned as the real part of the result. Similarly, the absolute values of all the imaginary parts are compared with each other and the largest one is returned as the imaginary part of the result. Generally, the result is made up from different elements of the vector.
Error handling | none
Return value | C/C++: Largest absolute real and imaginary parts, combined into one complex number. Pascal/Delphi: none.
See also | VCF_maxReIm, VCF_absminReIm

VF_absmin | VD_absmin | VE_absmin
VCF_absmin | VCD_absmin | VCE_absmin
VPF_absmin | VPD_absmin | VPE_absmin
Function | Smallest absolute value within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_absmin( fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_) float VCF_absmin( cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::absmin(); T vector<complex<T>>::absmin();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_absmin( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) function VCF_absmin( X:cfVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a vector are compared and the smallest returned. For complex numbers, the magnitudes of the elements are compared and the smallest magnitude is returned. If you need the complex number itself rather than only its magnitude, call VCF_cabsmin. In order to find the smallest real and imaginary parts of cartesian complex vectors separately, please use VCF_absminReIm.
Error handling | none
Return value | minimum absolute value encountered.
See also | VF_min, VF_absmax, VF_minexp, VF_runmin, VF_minind, VCF_absminReIm, VCF_cabsmin, VCF_sabsmin

VF_absminind | VD_absminind | VE_absminind
VCF_absminind | VCD_absminind | VCE_absminind
VPF_absminind | VPD_absminind | VPE_absminind
Function | Smallest absolute value and the index of its first occurrence.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_absminind( ui *Ind, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_) float VCF_absminind( ui *Ind, cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::absminind( ui *Ind ); T vector<complex<T>>::absminind( ui *Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_absminind( var Ind:UInt; X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) function VCF_absminind( var Ind:UInt; X:cfVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a vector are compared and the smallest returned. For complex numbers, the magnitudes of the elements are compared and the smallest returned. The index of this minimum is stored at the address given by Ind. In case of more than one element with the same minimum value, the lowest index is chosen.
Error handling | none
Return value | minimum absolute value encountered.
See also | VF_minind, VF_absmin, VF_runmin, VF_maxind, VCF_absminReIm

VCF_absminReIm | VCD_absminReIm | VCE_absminReIm
Function | Separate determination of the smallest absolute values of the real and imaginary parts occurring in a cartesian complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_absminReIm( cfVector X, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> complex<T> vector<complex<T>>::absminReIm();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_absminReIm( var Min:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
Description | The absolute values of the real parts of all vector elements are compared with each other and the smallest one is returned as the real part of the result. Similarly, the absolute values of all the imaginary parts are compared with each other and the smallest one is returned as the imaginary part of the result. Generally, the result is made up from different elements of the vector.
Error handling | none
Return value | C/C++: Smallest absolute real and imaginary parts, combined into one complex number. Pascal/Delphi: none
See also | VCF_minReIm, VCF_absmaxReIm

VF_accV | VD_accV | VE_accV
VCF_accV | VCD_accV | VCE_accV
VI_accV | VBI_accV | VSI_accV | VLI_accV | VQI_accV
VU_accV | VUB_accV | VUS_accV | VUL_accV | VUI_accV
mixed-type versions:
VD_accVF | VE_accVF | VE_accVD
VCD_accVCF | VCE_accVCF | VCE_accVCD
VSI_accVBI
VI_accVBI | VI_accVSI
VLI_accVBI | VLI_accVSI | VLI_accVI
VUS_accVUB
VU_accVUB | VU_accVUS
VUL_accVUB | VUL_accVUS | VUL_accVU
VUI_accVUB | VUI_accVUS | VUI_accVU | VUI_accVUL
VQI_accVBI | VQI_accVSI | VQI_accVI | VQI_accVLI
VQI_accVUB | VQI_accVUS | VQI_accVU | VQI_accVUL | VQI_accVUI
VF_... | VD_... | VE_...
...accVI | ...accVBI | ...accVSI | ...accVLI | ...accVQI
...accVU | ...accVUB | ...accVUS | ...accVUL | ...accVUI
Function | Accumulation (corresponds to the += operator)
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_accV( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); void VD_accVF( dVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::accV( const vector<T>& X ); void vector<double>::accVF( const vector<float>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_accV( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VD_accVF( Y:dVector; X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Yi += Xi This family of functions consists of two groups. The first group is made up of the normal, same-type versions, like VF_accV. The much larger second group allows to add a lower-accuracy type vector to a higher-accuracy type vector, like VD_accVF. For the integer types, only the highest one, quad, is used to accumulate both signed and unsigned types. The 16-bit and 32-bit integer types can accumulate only the lower types of the same sort, signed or unsigned. All integer types can be accumulated in any of the three floating-point types.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_acc2V, VF_addV

VF_acc2V | VD_acc2V | VE_acc2V
mixed-type versions:
VD_acc2VF | VE_acc2VF | VE_acc2VD
Function | Accumulation (corresponds to the += operator) of two vectors at once
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_acc2V( fVector Y, fVector X1, fVector X2, ui size ); void VD_accVF( dVector Y, fVector X1, fVector X2, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::acc2V( const vector<T>& X1, const vector<T>& X2 ); void vector<double>::acc2VF( const vector<float>& X1, const vector<float>& X2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_acc2V( Y, X1, X2:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VD_acc2VF( Y:dVector; X1, X2:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Yi += X1i + X2i
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_accV, VF_add2V

VF_acos | VD_acos | VE_acos
VCF_acos | VCD_acos | VCE_acos
VFx_acos | VDx_acos | VEx_acos
VCFx_acos | VCDx_acos | VCEx_acos
Function | arcus cosinus function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_acos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_acos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::acos( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_acos( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_acos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_acos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = arccos ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * arccos (A*Xi + B )
Error handling | Real versions: DOMAIN errors occur for arguments outside the range -1 <= Xi <= +1; the default result is NAN ("not-a-number"). The complex versions should be error-proof as long as the parameter C in the expanded versions is not already near the OVERFLOW limit; this very rare error is neither detected nor handled.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cos, VF_asin, VF_atan, acos

VF_addC | VD_addC | VE_addC
VCF_addC | VCD_addC | VCE_addC
VCF_addReC | VCD_addReC | VCE_addReC
VI_addC | VBI_addC | VSI_addC | VLI_addC | VQI_addC
VU_addC | VUB_addC | VUS_addC | VUL_addC | VUI_addC
Function | Add a constant to a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_addC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C); (similarly VD_, VI_, etc.) void VCF_addC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCF_addReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::addC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C); ); void vector<complex<T>>::addC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::addReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_addC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); (similarly VD_, VI_, etc.) procedure VCF_addC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_addReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
Description | Yi = Xi + C The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe added to the complex vector.
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_addV, VF_subC, VF_mulC, VF_divC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_addV | VD_addV | VE_addV
VCF_addV | VCD_addV | VCE_addV
VCF_addReV | VCD_addReV | VCE_addReV
VFs_addV | VDs_addV | VEs_addV
VFx_addV | VDx_addV | VEx_addV
VCFx_addV | VCDx_addV | VCEx_addV
VCFx_addReV | VCDx_addReV | VCEx_addReV
VI_addV | VBI_addV | VSI_addV | VLI_addV | VQI_addV
VU_addV | VUB_addV | VUS_addV | VUL_addV | VUI_addV
Function | Add two vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_addV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y,ui size ); void VFs_addV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float C ); void VFx_addV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); (similarly VD_, VDx_, VE_, VEx_, VI_, etc.) void VCF_addV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_addReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_addV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_addReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); (similarly VCD_, VCDx_, VCE_, VCEx_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::addV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::s_addV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& C ); void vector<T>::x_addV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::addV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::addReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_addV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_addReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_addV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_addV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ); (similarly VD_, VDx_, VE_, VEx_, VI_, etc.) procedure VCF_addV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_addReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_addV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_addReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); (similarly VCD_, VCDx_, VCE_, VCEx_)
Description | normal versions: Zi = Xi + Yi scaled versions: Zi = C * (Xi + Yi) expanded versions: Zi = (A * Xi + B) + Yi The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants. In the first variant (e.g.VCF_addV, VCFx_addV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g., VCF_addReV - "add a real vector").
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_addC, VF_add2V, VF_subV, VF_mulV, VF_divV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_add2V | VD_add2V | VE_add2V
Function | Add three vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_add2V( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y1, fVector Y2, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::add2V( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y1, const vector<T>& Y2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_add2V( Z, X, Y1, Y2:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Zi = Xi + Y1i + Y2i
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_addV, VF_sub2V

VI_and | VSI_and | VLI_and | VQI_and
VU_and | VUS_and | VUL_and | VUI_and
Function | Bit-wise AND operation.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_and( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size, int C ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::and( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_and( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt; C:Integer ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Yi = (Xi) & C The bit-wise AND operation is performed on each element Xi with the bit-mask given by C. A bit is 1 in Yi, if it was 1 both in Xi and in C, and 0 otherwise. Perhaps the most useful application of this family of functions is the fast "modulo" operation on unsigned or positive numbers with the modulus being an integer power of 2. For example, a modulo division by 64 is performed by VU_and( Y, X, size, 64-1 );
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_not, VI_or, VI_xor

VCF_arg | VCD_arg | VCE_arg
VPF_arg | VPD_arg | VPE_arg
Function | Argument (angle in polar coordinates).
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VCF_arg( fVector Arg, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::arg( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_arg( Arg:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Identical to VF_CtoArg, VD_CtoArg, VE_CtoArg, resp. See these functions for details.

VF_ArgtoP | VD_ArgtoP | VE_ArgtoP
Function | Overwrite the Arg part of a polar complex vector with a real vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_ArgtoP( pfVector Y, fVector Arg, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::ArgtoP( const vector<T>& Arg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_ArgtoP( X:pfVector; Arg:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The Arg part of the polar complex vector Y is overwritten with the elements of the real-valued vector Arg. The Mag part of Y is not affected.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoMagArg, VF_MagArgtoP

VF_asin | VD_asin | VE_asin
VCF_asin | VCD_asin | VCE_asin
VFx_asin | VDx_asin | VEx_asin
VCFx_asin | VCDx_asin | VCEx_asin
Function | arcus sinus function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_asin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_asin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::asin( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_asin( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_asin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_asin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = arcsin ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * arcsin (A*Xi + B )
Error handling | Real versions: DOMAIN errors occur for arguments outside the range -1 <= Xi <= +1; the default result is NAN ("not-a-number"). The complex versions should be error-proof as long as the parameter C in the expanded versions is not already near the OVERFLOW limit; this very rare error is either detected nor handled.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sin, VF_acos, VF_atan, asin

VF_atan | VD_atan | VE_atan
VCF_atan | VCD_atan | VCE_atan
VFx_atan | VDx_atan | VEx_atan
VCFx_atan | VCDx_atan | VCEx_atan
Function | arcus tangens function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_atan( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_atan( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::atan( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_atan( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_atan( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_atan( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = arctan ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * arctan (A*Xi + B )
Error handling | The real versions should be error-proof as long as the parameter C in the expanded versions is not already near the OVERFLOW limit; this very rare error is neither detected nor handled. In the complex versions, the result for an argument of {0, -1} is set to {0, -p} without notice (and without the program crash resulting in Borland C++ from calling the complex atan with this argument).
Return value | always FALSE (0).
See also | VF_tan, VF_asin, VF_acos, VF_atan2, atan, atan2

VF_atan2 | VD_atan2 | VE_atan2
VFx_atan2 | VDx_atan2 | VEx_atan2
Function | arcus tangens function of quotients
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_atan2( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); int VFx_atan2( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::atan2( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); int vector<T>::x_atan2( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_atan2( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_atan2( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Zi = arctan( Yi / Xi ) expanded versions: Zi = C * arctan( Yi / (A*Xi+B) ) From Cartesian X -Y-coordinates, the angle of the corresponding polar coordinates is calculated. Note: in comparison to the ANSI C function atan2, the ordering of the parameters X and Y is reversed.
Error handling | If Xi and Yi are both zero, a DOMAIN error results with the default result NAN ("not-a-number"). In C/C++, this error is handled by _matherr and _matherrl with Xi and Yi as e->x and e->y.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_tan, VF_asin, VF_acos, VF_atan, atan, atan2

VF_autocorr | VD_autocorr | VE_autocorr
Function | autocorrelation function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_autocorr( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<float>::autocorr( const vector<float>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_autocorr( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The autocorrelation function (ACF) of X is calculated and stored in Y in wrap-around order: Y0 to Ysize/2-1 contain the ACF for zero and positive lags. Beginning with the most negative lag in Ysize/2+1, the elements up to Ysize-1 contain the ACF for negative lags. Since this function assumes X to be periodic, the ACF for the most positive lag is identical to the ACF for the most negative lag. This element is stored as Ysize/2. To get the ACF into normal order, you may call VF_rotate( Y, Y, size, size/2 ); After that, the zero point is at the position size/2. In case X is non-periodic, you should avoid end effects by the methods described in connection with VF_convolve. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_autocorr is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_FFT, VF_convolve, VF_xcorr, VF_spectrum

VCF_autoPlot | VCD_autoPlot | VCE_autoPlot
Function | Automatic plot of a complex vector into a Cartesian complex plane.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VCF_autoPlot( cfVector X, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::autoPlot( unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VCF_autoPlot( X:cfVector; size, form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | A Cartesian complex plane is drawn with the axes automatically scaled and the vector X plotted into it. For a description of the parameters form and color, see VF_xyAutoPlot. The plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph or V_initPlot prior to calling VCF_autoPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VCF_2AutoPlot, VCF_dataPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, chapter 4.12

VCF_2AutoPlot | VCD_2AutoPlot | VCE_2AutoPlot
Function | Automatic plot of two complex vectors into a Cartesian complex plane.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VCF_2AutoPlot( cfVector X1, ui size1, unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, cfVector X2, ui size2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::_2AutoPlot( unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, const vector<complex<T>>& X2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VCF_2AutoPlot( X1:cfVector; size1, form1:UInt; color1:COLORREF; X2:cfVector; size2, form2:UInt; color2:COLORREF );
Description | A Cartesian complex plane is drawn with the axes automatically scaled and the vectors X1 and X2 plotted into it. For a description of the parameters form1, form2, color1, and color2, see VF_xyAutoPlot. The plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph or V_initPlot prior to calling VCF_2AutoPlot. Note the leading underbar in the VecObj function. (It is necessary, as C/C++ does not allow function names to begin with a number.)
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VCF_autoPlot, VCF_dataPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, chapter 4.11

VF_avdevC | VD_avdevC | VE_avdevC
Function | average deviation from a preset value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_avdevC( fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::avdevC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_avdevC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): Single;
Description | avdevC = 1/size * sum( |Xi - C| ) The average of the absolute deviation of each element of X from C is calculated and returned.
Error handling | none
Return value | average deviation.
See also | VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_avdevV, VF_sumdevC, VF_chiabs

VF_avdevV | VD_avdevV | VE_avdevV
Function | average deviation of the elements of one vector from the corresponding elements of another vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_avdevV( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::avdevV( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_avdevV( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | avdevV = 1/size * sum( |Xi - Yi| ) The average of the absolute deviation of each element of X from the corresponding element of Y is calculated.
Error handling | none
Return value | average deviation.
See also | VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevV, VF_avdevC, VF_sumdevV, VF_chiabs

VCF_cabsmax | VCD_cabsmax | VCE_cabsmax
Function | Element of largest absolute value within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_cabsmax( cfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<complex<T>>::cabsmax();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_cabsmax( var Max:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a cartesian-complex vector are compared and the element with the largest absolute value is returned. A variant of this function, finding the largest element in terms of the sum |Re| + |Im|, is offered by VCF_sabsmax. The latter function is much faster than VCF_cabsmax.
Error handling | none
Return value | largest element in terms of absolute value
See also | VCF_absmax, VCF_absmaxReIm, VCF_sabsmax

VCF_cabsmin | VCD_cabsmin | VCE_cabsmin
Function | Element of smallest absolute value within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_cabsmin( cfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<complex<T>>::cabsmin();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_cabsmin( var Min:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The absolute values of all elements of a cartesian-complex vector are compared and the element with the smallest absolute value is returned. A variant of this function, finding the smallest element in terms of the sum |Re| + |Im|, is offered by VCF_sabsmin. The latter function is much faster than VCF_cabsmin.
Error handling | none
Return value | smallest element in terms of absolute value
See also | VCF_absmin, VCF_absminReIm, VCF_sabsmin

V_CDtoCF | V_CDtoCE
V_CEtoCF | V_CEtoCD
V_CFtoCD | V_CFtoCE
Function | Data type conversions. See V_FtoD.

VF_ceil | VD_ceil | VE_ceil
VF_ceiltoI | VD_ceiltoI | VE_ceiltoI
VF_ceiltoBI | VD_ceiltoBI | VE_ceiltoBI
VF_ceiltoSI | VD_ceiltoSI | VE_ceiltoSI
VF_ceiltoLI | VD_ceiltoLI | VE_ceiltoLI
VF_ceiltoQI | VD_ceiltoQI | VE_ceiltoQI
VF_ceiltoU | VD_ceiltoU | VE_ceiltoU
VF_ceiltoUB | VD_ceiltoUB | VE_ceiltoUB
VF_ceiltoUS | VD_ceiltoUS | VE_ceiltoUS
VF_ceiltoUL | VD_ceiltoUL | VE_ceiltoUL
VF_ceiltoUI | VD_ceiltoUI | VE_ceiltoUI
Function | Rounding to the next whole number that is greater or equal.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ceil( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_ceiltoI( iVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_ceiltoLI( liVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ceil( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<int>::ceiltoI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<long>::ceiltoLI( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ceil( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_ceiltoI( Y:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VF_ceiltoLI( Y:liVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Each element of X is rounded to the nearest whole number that is greater than or equal to the input number and the result stored in Y. The functions VF_ceiltoI, VF_ceiltoLI, VF_ceiltoU etc. convert the result into the various integer data types (in the cases mentioned, to int, long int, and unsigned, resp.).
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors are handled by setting the result to the extreme value possible. Negative numbers in the versions VF_ceiltoU, VF_ceiltoUS, VF_ceiltoUL, and VF_ceiltoUI lead to DOMAIN errors; they are handled by setting the result to 0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_round, VF_floor, VF_chop, VF_trunc, ceil, floor (C/C++ only)

VF_chiabs | VD_chiabs | VE_chiabs
Function | Absolute-value analogue of the chi-square merit function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_chiabs( fVector X, fVector Y, fVector Wt, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::chiabs( const vector<T>& Y, const vector<T>& Wt );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_chiabs( X, Y, Wt:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | chiabs = sum( Wti * |Xi - Yi| ). The chiabs function is a "robust" replacement for the c2 (chi-square) merit function. It is used to judge the quality of a fit in the presence of outlier points. The chiabs function is disturbed by outlier points to a lesser degree than the chi-square function.
Error handling | none
Return value | chiabs merit function.
See also | VF_chi2

VF_chi2 | VD_chi2 | VE_chi2
Function | Chi-square merit function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_chi2( fVector X, fVector Y, fVector InvVar, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::chi2( const vector<T>& Y, const vector<T>& InvVar );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_chi2( X, Y, InvVar:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | c2 = sum( 1/si2 * (Xi - Yi)2 ). The c2 (chi-square) merit function is most often used to judge the quality of a fit. One vector (either X or Y) represents experimental values that are obtained with individual standard deviations sigmai, the other contains the values predicted on the basis of a theory or a model. If the experimental data are "normally" distributed, and if s (sigma) is the correct measure for the quality of these data, then c2 is a measure for the quality of the fit. Rather than the standard deviations themselves, the routine needs the inverse of their squares (i.e., the inverse of the variances) to be passed as the vector InvVar.
Error handling | none
Return value | chi2 merit function.
See also | VF_meanwW, VF_varianceVwW, VF_varianceV, VF_varianceCwW, VF_chiabs, VF_square, VF_inv, VF_linregress

VF_chop | VD_chop | VE_chop
VF_choptoI | VD_choptoI | VE_choptoI
VF_choptoBI | VD_choptoBI | VE_choptoBI
VF_choptoSI | VD_choptoSI | VE_choptoSI
VF_choptoLI | VD_choptoLI | VE_choptoLI
VF_choptoQI | VD_choptoQI | VE_choptoQI
VF_choptoU | VD_choptoU | VE_choptoU
VF_choptoUB | VD_choptoUB | VE_choptoUB
VF_choptoUS | VD_choptoUS | VE_choptoUS
VF_choptoUL | VD_choptoUL | VE_choptoUL
VF_choptoUI | VD_choptoUI | VE_choptoUI
Function | "Chopping" towards zero.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_chop( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_choptoI( iVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_choptoLI( liVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::chop( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<int>::choptoI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<long>::choptoLI( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_chop( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_choptoI( Y:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VF_choptoLI( Y:liVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Each element of X is rounded to an integer number by "chopping off" the fractional part. For example, -3.9 yields -3, and +3.9 yields +3. The result is stored in Y. The functions VF_choptoI, VF_choptoLI, etc. convert the result into the various integer data types.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors are handled by setting the result to the extreme value possible. Negative numbers in the versions VF_choptoU, VF_choptoUS, VF_choptoUL, and VF_choptoUI lead to DOMAIN errors; they are handled by setting the result to 0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_round, VF_floor, VF_ceil, ceil, floor (C/C++ only)

V_closeErrorEventFile
Function | Restore default printing of error messages into stderr.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_closeErrorEventFile( void );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_closeErrorEventFile;
Description | After error messages have been redirected into an event file by V_setErrorEventFile, the default is restored by V_closeErrorEventFile and any further messages will be printed into stderr which normally is the screen (see chapter 5.5). Both of these functions will not be included in versions of VectorLib for compilers that do already offer the possibility of printing error messages simultaneously to the screen and to an event file.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_noteError, V_setErrorEventFile, _matherr (C/C++ only)

VF_cmp0 | VD_cmp0 | VE_cmp0
Function | Compares each element of a vector with 0 (signum function).
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_cmp0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::cmp0( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_cmp0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of X is compared with 0 and the result of the comparison stored in Y: Yi = +1.0, if Xi > 0 Yi = 0.0, if Xi = 0 Yi = -1.0, if Xi < 0. This function may also be called under its synonym VF_sgn.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_cmp_..., VF_cmpC, VF_cmpV

VF_cmpC | VD_cmpC | VE_cmpC
Function | Compares each element of a vector with a constant.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_cmpC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::cmpC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_cmpC( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Each element of X is compared with C and the result of the comparison stored in Y: Yi = +1.0, if Xi > C Yi = 0.0, if Xi = C Yi = -1.0, if Xi < C To compare with C=0, use more efficiently the function VF_cmp0.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_cmp_..., VF_cmp0, VF_cmpV, VF_iselementC

VF_cmpV | VD_cmpV | VE_cmpV
Function | Compares each element of a vector with the corresponding element of another vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_cmpV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::cmpV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_cmpV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of X is compared with the corresponding element of Y and the result of the comparison stored in Z: Zi = +1.0, if Xi > Yi Zi = 0.0, if Xi = Yi Zi = -1.0, if Xi < Yi.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_cmp_..., VF_cmp0, VF_cmpC

VF_cmp_... | VD_cmp_... | VE_cmp_...
...eq0 | ...ne0 | ...gt0 | ...ge0 | ...le0 | ...lt0
...eqC | ...neC | ...gtC | ...geC | ...leC | ...ltC
...eqV | ...neV | ...gtV | ...geV | ...leV | ...ltV
...eq0ind | ...ne0ind | ...gt0ind | ...ge0ind | ...le0ind | ...lt0ind
...eqCind | ...neCind | ...gtCind | ...geCind | ...leCind | ...ltCind
...eqVind | ...neVind | ...gtVind | ...geVind | ...leVind | ...ltVind
...inclrange0C | ...exclrange0C
...inclrangeCC | ...exclrangeCC
...inclrange0Cind | ...exclrange0Cind
...inclrangeCCind | ...exclrangeCCind
VCF_cmp_... | VCD_cmp_... | VCE_cmp_...
VPF_cmp_... | VPD_cmp_... | VPE_cmp_...
...eq0 | ...ne0 | ...eqC | ...neC | ...eqV | ...neV
...eq0ind | ...ne0ind | ...eqCind | ...neCind | ...eqVind | ...neVind
Function | Comparisons
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> ui VF_cmp_eq0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); ui VF_cmp_ne0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); ui VF_cmp_gt0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); ui VF_cmp_ge0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); ui VF_cmp_lt0( fVector Y, fVector X , ui size ); ui VF_cmp_le0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); ui VF_cmp_eqC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); (similarly: ..._neC, ..._gtC, ..._geC, ..._ltC, ..._leC) ui VF_cmp_eqV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size); (similarly: ..._neV, ..._gtV, ..._geV, ..._ltV, ..._leV) ui VF_cmp_eq0ind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly: ..._ne0ind, ..._gt0ind, ..._ge0ind, ..._lt0ind, ..._le0ind) ui VF_cmp_eqCind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, float C ); (similarly: ..._neCind, ..._gtCind, ..._geCind, ..._ltCind, ..._leCind) ui VF_cmp_eqVind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); (similarly: ..._neVind, ..._gtVind, ..._geVind, ..._ltVind, ..._leVind) (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) ui VF_cmp_inclrange0C( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); ui VF_cmp_exclrange0C( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); ui VF_cmp_inclrangeCC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float CLo, float CHi ); ui VF_cmp_exclrangeCC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float CLo, float CHi ); (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) ui VF_cmp_inclrange0Cind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, float C ); ui VF_cmp_exclrange0Cind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, float C ); ui VF_cmp_inclrangeCCind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, float CLo, float CHi ); ui VF_cmp_exclrangeCCind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, float CLo, float CHi ); (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) ui VCF_cmp_eq0( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_ne0( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_eqC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); ui VCF_cmp_neC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); ui VCF_cmp_eqV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_neV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_eq0ind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_ne0ind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_eqCind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); ui VCF_cmp_neCind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); ui VCF_cmp_eqVind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); ui VCF_cmp_neVind( uiVector Ind, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); (similarly VCD_ and VCE_ versions)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<T>::cmp_eq0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_ne0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_gt0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_ge0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_lt0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_le0( const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_eqC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); ui vector<T>::cmp_eqV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eq0ind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eqCind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eqVind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X ); ui vector<T>::cmp_inclrange0C( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); ui vector<T>::cmp_exclrange0C( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); ui vector<T>::cmp_inclrangeCC( const vector<T>& X, const T& CLo, const T& CHi ); ui vector<T>::cmp_exclrangeCC( const vector<T>& X, const T& CLo, const T& CHi ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_inclrange0Cind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_exclrange0Cind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_inclrangeCCind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X, const T& CLo, const T& CHi ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_exclrangeCCind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X, const T& CLo, const T& CHi ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_eq0( const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_ne0( const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_eqC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_neC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_eqV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); ui vector<complex<T>>::cmp_neV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eq0ind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_ne0ind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eqCind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_neCind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_eqVind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X ); ui vector<ui>::cmp_neVind( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_cmp_eq0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_ne0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_gt0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_ge0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_lt0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_le0( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VF_cmp_eqC( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ):UInt; (similarly: ..._neC, ..._gtC, ..._geC, ..._ltC, ..._leC) function VF_cmp_eqV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; (similarly: ..._neV, ..._gtV, ..._geV, ..._ltV, ..._leV) function VF_cmp_eq0ind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; (similarly: ..._ne0ind, ..._gt0ind, ..._ge0ind, ..._lt0ind, ..._le0ind) function VF_cmp_eqCind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ):UInt; (similarly: ..._neCind, ..._gtCind, ..._geCind, ..._ltCind, ..._leCind) function VF_cmp_eqVind( Ind:uVector; X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt; (similarly: ..._neVind, ..._gtVind, ..._geVind, ..._ltVind, ..._leVind) (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) function VF_cmp_inclrange0C( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_exclrange0C( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_inclrangeCC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; CLo, CHi:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_exclrangeCC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; CLo, CHi:Single ): UInt; (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) function VF_cmp_inclrange0Cind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_exclrange0Cind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_inclrangeCCind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; CLo, CHi:Single ): UInt; function VF_cmp_exclrangeCCind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; CLo, CHi:Single ): UInt; (similarly VD_ and VE_ versions) function VCF_cmp_eq0( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_ne0( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_eqC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_neC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_eqV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_neV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_eq0ind( Ind:uVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_ne0ind( Ind:uVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_eqCind( Ind:uVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_neCind( Ind:uVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_eqVind( Ind:uVector; X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; function VCF_cmp_neVind( Ind:uVector; X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ):UInt; (similarly VCD_ and VCE_ versions)
Description | a) Simple comparisons: Each element of X is compared with either 0, or a constant C, or the corresponding element of another vector, Y. The conditions to be tested are denoted by two letters as in ASSEMBLER or FORTRAN:
"eq" ("equal") | True, if Xi = 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
"ne" ("not equal") | True, if Xi != 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
"gt" ("gteater than") | True, if Xi > 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
"ge" ("greater or equal") | True, if Xi >= 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
"lt" ("less than") | True, if Xi < 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
"le" ("less or equal") | True, if Xi <= 0 (C, Yi, resp.)
For complex numbers, only the test for equality ("eq") or inequality ("ne") makes sense and is available. b) Range-checking functions Each element of X is checked if it falls into a range which is specified either by 0 and a (positive or negative) constant C, or by two constants, CLo and CHi. One has the choice between two versions, treating the range either as inclusive or as exclusive of the end points: VF_cmp_inclrange0C checks for 0 <= x <= C (positive C) or 0 >= x >= C (negative C), whereas VF_cmp_exclrangeCC checks for CLo < x < CHi. a) and b): There are two different ways how the result of the comparison is treated. The result for each element of X is either stored as 1.0 for TRUE and 0.0 for FALSE in a vector of a floating-point data type (with the imaginary part in the complex versions always set to 0), or the indices of the elements for which the result is TRUE are stored in an index vector; the latter is the case in the functions with the suffix "ind" as the last part of their names, like in VF_cmp_neCind. In any case, the number of TRUE results encountered is returned by the function. The index-finding variant is especially useful to extract the elements for which the condition is TRUE into a sub-vector by VF_indpick; be sure to check that the return value nTrue is non-zero if you wish to do that (remember that the parameter size for any of the functions of this VectorLib library must be non-zero!).
Error handling | none
Return value | number of elements for which the condition was found to be TRUE.
See also | VF_cmp0, VF_cmpC, VF_cmpV, VF_indpick, VF_iselementC

VF_comb | VD_comb | VE_comb
Function | Initializes a vector with a comb function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_comb( fVector X, ui size, ui spac, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::comb( ui spac, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_comb( X:fVector; size:UInt; spac:Word; C:Single );
Description | Xi = C, i = 0, 1*spac, 2*spac,... Xi = 0, otherwise
Error handling | If the spacing spac of the comb exceeds size, an error message "Invalid parameter(s)" is displayed and the program aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ1, VF_equ0, VF_equC

VCF_complex | VCD_complex | VCE_complex
VPF_complex | VPD_complex | VPE_complex
Function | Constructs a complex vector (either cartesian or polar coordinates) from its real and imaginary parts.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VCF_complex( cfVector X, fVector Re, fVector Im, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::complex( vector<T> Re, vector<T> Im );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_complex( X:cfVector; Re, Im:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Identical to VF_ReImtoC, VD_ReImtoC, and VE_ReImtoC. See these functions for details.

VCF_conj | VCD_conj | VCE_conj
VPF_conj | VPD_conj | VPE_conj
Function | Find the complex conjugate of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFmath.h> int VCF_conj( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<complex<T>>::conj( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFmath; function VCF_conj( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | Re(Yi) = Re(Xi) Im(Yi) = -Im(Xi)
Error handling | none
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VCF_neg, VCF_abs

V_continuePlot
Function | Get back into the last viewport used for plotting
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_continuePlot( void );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_continuePlot;
Description | If one wants to add new DataPlots to an existing coordinate system after one has already defined a new viewport (e.g., for text output), this function takes one back to the most recently used coordinate system.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_getCoordSystem, V_setCoordSystem, V_setPlotRegion

VF_convolve | VD_convolve | VE_convolve
Function | Calculates the convolution of a vector with a response function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_convolve( fVector Y, fVector Flt, fVector X, fVector Rsp, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::convolve( vector<T> Flt, const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Rsp );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_convolve( Y, Flt, X, Rsp:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The convolution of X with the response function Rsp is calculated and stored in Y. A filter Flt is also calculated. If more than one vector is to be convolved with the same Rsp, use VF_convolve only once and use VF_filter for the other vectors. The response has to be stored in Rsp in wrap-around order: the response for zero and positive times (or whatever the independent variable is) is stored in Rsp0 to Rspsize/2 and the response for negative times (beginning with the most negative time) in Rspsize/2+1 to Rspsize-1. You may wish to use VF_rotate or VF_reflect to achieve this wrap-around order and to construct the response vector. Notice that Rsp has to be of the same size as X. The result of the convolution appears scaled with the sum of all elements of Rsp. Normally, therefore, Rsp should be normalized to 1.0. X, Y, Rsp, and Flt must all be of the same size, which has to be an integer power of 2. X may be overwritten by Y, Rsp may be overwritten by Flt, but X and Flt as well as Y and Rsp have to be distinct from each other. The treatment of round-off errors in the construction of Flt may be modified by VF_setRspEdit.
Example C/C++ | VF_ramp( Time, 1024, 0.0, 1.0 ); VF_Gauss( Rsp, Time, 513, 10.0, 0.0, 1.0 ); /* Response function for zero and positive times */ VF_reflect( Rsp+1, 1023 ); /* ... and for negative times */ VF_divC( Rsp, Rsp, 1024, VF_sum( Rsp, 1024 ) ); /* Normalisation of Rsp */ VF_convolve( X, Rsp, X, Rsp, 1024 ); /* Convolution; X is overwritten by the desired result and Rsp is overwritten by the frequency filter */ VF_filter( Y, Y, Rsp, 1024 ); /* Next convolution: instead of another call to VF_convolve, Y is filtered using the frequency filter just obtained */
Example Pascal/Delphi | VF_ramp( Time, 1024, 0.0, 1.0 ); VF_Gauss( Rsp, Time, 513, 10.0, 0.0, 1.0 ); (* Response function for zero and positive times *) VF_reflect( VF_Pelement(Rsp,1), 1023 ); (* ... and for negative times *) VF_divC( Rsp, Rsp, 1024, VF_sum( Rsp, 1024 ) ); (* Normalisation of Rsp *) VF_convolve( X, Rsp, X, Rsp, 1024 ); (* Convolution; X is overwritten by the desired result and Rsp is overwritten by the frequency filter *) VF_filter( Y, Y, Rsp, 1024 ); (* Next convolution: instead of another call to VF_convolve, Y is filtered using the frequency filter just obtained *) Mathematically, this convolution is based on the assumption that X is periodic; it still works well if X is non-periodic but converges on both ends to the same value X0 = Xsize-1. If that is not the case, the first and the last elements of Y are spoiled by "wrap-around" from elements on the other side. Extrapolate X on both sides in order to imbed the original X in a larger vector, if wrap-around is a problem. The minimum number of elements to be added equals half the width of the response function. (In the case of an asymmetric response function, it is the broader wing that counts.) After convolving the larger vector with the response function, it will be the dummy elements just added which become spoiled by wrap-around. Those elements of the result vector which correspond to the original X will represent the desired convolution of X with Rsp. If X is smoothly converging on both sides to different values, it is not necessary to employ the procedure just described. Rather, the difference between the end points may be regarded as a linear trend. In this case, remove the trend, convolve the resultant vector and add the trend to the result.
Example C/C++ | d = (X[size-1] - X[0]) / (size-1); VF_ramp( Trend, size, 0.0, d ); VF_subV( Y, X, Trend, size ); VF_convolve( Y, Flt, Y, Rsp, size ); VF_addV( Y, Y, Trend, size );
Example for treatment of end effects in Pascal/Delphi | d := (VF_element(X,size-1) - X^) / (size-1); VF_ramp( Trend, size, 0.0, d ); VF_subV( Y, X, Trend, size ); VF_convolve( Y, Flt, Y, Rsp, size ); VF_addV( Y, Y, Trend, size ); You might notice that Flt is declared as fVector rather than cfVector, although the information stored in Flt consists of complex numbers. The reason is that these numbers are stored in the packed complex format (as described for VF_FFT) which is used only in connection with Fourier-Transform operations of real vectors. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_convolve is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_filter, VF_deconvolve, VF_FFT, VF_autocorr, VF_xcorr, VF_spectrum

VF_corrcoeff | VD_corrcoeff | VE_corrcoeff
Function | Linear correlation coefficient between two distributions
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_corrcoeff( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float Xmean, float Ymean );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::corrcoeff( const vector<T>& Y, T Xmean, T Ymean );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_corrcoeff( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; Xmean, Ymean:Single ): Single;
Description | The linear correlation coefficient ("Pearson's r") takes on values between -1.0 and +1.0. The mean values of both distributions must be known. They are passed to VF_corrcoeff as the parameters Xmean and Ymean.
Example C/C++ | r = VF_corrcoeff( X, Y, n, VF_mean( X, n ), VF_mean( Y, n ) );
Return value | linear correlation coefficient r
See also | VF_mean, VF_varianceV, VF_linregress

VF_cos | VD_cos | VE_cos
VFx_cos | VDx_cos | VEx_cos
VFr_cos | VDr_cos | VEr_cos
VFrx_cos | VDrx_cos | VErx_cos
VCF_cos | VCD_cos | VCE_cos
VCFx_cos | VCDx_cos | VCEx_cos
Function | Cosine function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VFr_cos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFrx_cos( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cos( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cos( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<T>::r_cos( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::rx_cos( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VFr_cos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFrx_cos( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cos ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cos ( A*Xi + B ) For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as rational multiples of p, it is better to use VF_cosrpi than VF_cos. If, on the other hand, one can be sure that all Xi are within the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p, one can employ the faster reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_.
Error handling | Precision errors in the real-value functions lead to a default result of 1.0 (as if the input were 0.0) and to a non-zero return value, but are otherwise ignored; _matherr is not called. OVERFLOW errors can only occur in the complex versions and lead to a result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cos2, VF_cosrpi, VF_sin, VF_cosh, VF_acos, cos

VF_cos2 | VD_cos2 | VE_cos2
VFx_cos2 | VDx_cos2 | VEx_cos2
VFr_cos2 | VDr_cos2 | VEr_cos2
VFrx_cos2 | VDrx_cos2 | VErx_cos2
Function | Square of the cosine function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cos2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cos2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cos2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cos2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cos2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cos2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cos2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cos2( A*Xi + B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards. The reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_ are for situations in which one can be sure that all input values lie in the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p.
Error handling | Precision errors lead to a default result of 1.0 (as if the input were 0.0) and a non-zero return value, but are otherwise ignored; _matherr is not called. OVERFLOW errors can only occur in the complex versions and lead to a result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cos, VF_cosrpi, cos

VF_cosec | VD_cosec | VE_cosec
VFx_cosec | VDx_cosec | VEx_cosec
Function | Cosecant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosec( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cosec( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosec( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cosec( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosec( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cosec( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cosec ( Xi ) = 1.0 / sin ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cosec ( A*Xi + B ) The cosecant is defined as the inverse of the sine (not to be mistaken for the arcus function arcsin!) For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as rational multiples of p, it is better to use VF_cosecrpi than VF_cosec.
Error handling | For TLOSS precision errors, the default result is arbitrarily set to 1.0 (as an exception from the general rule which would require the result to be the mean of the results for +0 and -0. This would be 0.0. However, zero is not a valid result for the cosecant function). For SING and OVERFLOW errors, the default result is ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cosec2, VF_cosecrpi, VF_sin, VF_cosech, sin

VF_cosec2 | VD_cosec2 | VE_cosec2
VFx_cosec2 | VDx_cosec2 | VEx_cosec2
Function | Square of the cosecant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosec2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cosec2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosec2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cosec2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosec2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cosec2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cosec2 ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cosec2 ( A*Xi + B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards.
Error handling | For SING, OVERFLOW, and TLOSS errors, the default result is ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cosec, VF_cosecrpi, sin

VF_cosech | VD_cosech | VE_cosech
VFx_cosech | VDx_cosech | VEx_cosech
Function | Hyperbolic cosecant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosech( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cosech( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosech( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cosech( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosech( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cosech( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cosech ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cosech ( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | SING errors lead to a default result of 0 (mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL); OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sinh, VF_exp, sinh

VF_cosecrpi | VD_cosecrpi | VE_cosecrpi
VF_cosecrpi2 | VD_cosecrpi2 | VE_cosecrpi2
VF_cosecrpi3 | VD_cosecrpi3 | VE_cosecrpi3
Function | Cosecant function of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosecrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cosecrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cosecrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosecrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cosecrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cosecrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosecrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cosecrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cosecrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = cosec( (Pi / q) * p ) The cosecant of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_cosecrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_cosecrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version using a look-up table. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_cosecrpi3 should be used. VF_cosecrpi2 and VF_cosecrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the tables.
Error handling | SING errors occur if Pi / q is exactly an integer number; the default result is 0.0 (which is the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL; in contrast to VF_cosec, 0.0 is chosen irrespective of the fact that it is not a valid result of the cosecant function); q must be non-zero; this is, however, not tested for.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cosec, sin

VF_cosectab2 | VD_cosectab2 | VE_cosectab2
VF_cosectab3 | VD_cosectab3 | VE_cosectab3
| Table of cosecant values for arguments between 0 and p/2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> extern float VF_cosectab2[ VF_tabsz2+1 ]; extern double VD_cosectab2[ VD_tabsz2+1 ]; extern extended VE_cosectab2[ VE_tabsz2+1 ]; extern float VF_cosectab3[ VF_tabsz3+1 ]; extern double VD_cosectab3[ VD_tabsz3+1 ]; extern extended VE_cosectab3[ VE_tabsz3+1 ];
Pascal/Delphi | uses FCSCTAB3, DCSCTAB3, ECSCTAB3; VF_cosectab2: array[0..VF_tabsz2] of Single; VD_cosectab2: array[0..VD_tabsz2] of Double; VE_cosectab2: array[0..VE_tabsz2] of Extended; VF_cosectab3: array[0..VF_tabsz3] of Single; VD_cosectab3: array[0..VD_tabsz3] of Double; VE_cosectab3: array[0..VE_tabsz3] of Extended;
Description | VF_cosectab2[ i ] = cosec ( i/(2*VF_tabsz2) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz2-1 VF_cosectab3[ i ] = cosec ( i/(2*VF_tabsz3) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz3-1 VF_cosectab2[ VF_tabsz2 ] = VF_cosectab3[ VF_tabsz3 ] = 0 These look-up tables of cosecant values for arguments between 0 and p/2 are used by VF_cosecrpi2 and the other functions of that family and are also available to the user. Since the cosecant of p/2 is not defined, zero is stored at its place. C/C++: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc., denoting the size of the tables, are defined in <xmath.h>. Pascal/Delphi: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc. are defined in the same units as the tables themselves.

VF_cosh | VD_cosh | VE_cosh
VFx_cosh | VDx_cosh | VEx_cosh
VCF_cosh | VCD_cosh | VCE_cosh
VCFx_cosh | VCDx_cosh | VCEx_cosh
Function | Hyperbolic cosine
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cosh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VCF_cosh( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size ); int VCFx_cosh( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B, fComplex C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosh( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cosh( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cosh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cosh ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cosh ( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sinh, VF_exp, cosh

VF_cosrpi | VD_cosrpi | VE_cosrpi
VF_cosrpi2 | VD_cosrpi2 | VE_cosrpi2
VF_cosrpi3 | VD_cosrpi3 | VE_cosrpi3
Function | Cosine function of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cosrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cosrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cosrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cosrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cosrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cosrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cosrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cosrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cosrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = cos( (Pi / q) * p ) The cosine of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_cosrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_cosrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version reading the results from a look-up table, if possible. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_cosrpi3 should be used. VF_cosrpi3 offers a convenient way to use degrees instead of radians; if, for example, q is 180, the unit of the elements of P is "degree". VF_cosrpi2 and VF_cosrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the tables.
Error handling | These functions are error-proof, as long as q != 0.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_cos, cos

VF_cot | VD_cot | VE_cot
VFx_cot | VDx_cot | VEx_cot
Function | Cotangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cot( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cot( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cot( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cot( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cot( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cot( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cot ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cot ( A*Xi+B ) The cotangent is defined as the inverse of the tangent (not to be mistaken for the arcus function arctan!) For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as rational multiples of p, it is better to use VF_cotrpi than VF_cot.
Error handling | For TLOSS precision errors, the default result is 0.0 (which is the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL); for SING and OVERFLOW errors, the default result is ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cot2, VF_cotrpi, VF_coth, VF_atan, VF_atan2, tan

VF_cot2 | VD_cot2 | VE_cot2
VFx_cot2 | VDx_cot2 | VEx_cot2
Function | Square of the cotangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cot2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cot2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cot2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cot2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cot2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cot2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cot2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * cot2( A*Xi+B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards.
Error handling | For SING, OVERFLOW and TLOSS errors, the default result is +HUGE_VAL (multiplied by the sign of C in the expanded versions).
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cot, VF_cotrpi, tan

VF_coth | VD_coth | VE_coth
VFx_coth | VDx_coth | VEx_coth
Function | Hyperbolic cotangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_coth( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_coth( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::coth( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_coth( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_coth( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_coth( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = coth ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * coth ( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | SING errors lead to a default result of 0.0 (the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL); OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sinh, VF_tanh, VF_exp, tanh

VF_cotrpi | VD_cotrpi | VE_cotrpi
VF_cotrpi2 | VD_cotrpi2 | VE_cotrpi2
VF_cotrpi3 | VD_cotrpi3 | VE_cotrpi3
Function | Cotangent function of rational multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cotrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cotrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_cotrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cotrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cotrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::cotrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cotrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cotrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_cotrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = cot( (Pi / q) * p ) The cotangent of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_cotrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_cotrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version using a look-up table. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_cotrpi3 should be used. VF_cotrpi2 and VF_cotrpi3 also work with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the tables.
Error handling | SING errors occur if Pi / q is a whole number. The default result is 0.0 (which is the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL); q must be non-zero; this is, however, not tested for.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cot, tan

VF_cprint | VD_cprint | VE_cprint
VCF_cprint | VCD_cprint | VCE_cprint
VPF_cprint | VPD_cprint | VPE_cprint
VI_cprint | VBI_cprint | VSI_cprint | VLI_cprint | VQI_cprint
VU_cprint | VUB_cprint | VUS_cprint | VUL_cprint | VUI_cprint
Function | print a vector to the screen. Only DOS and Win32 console applications; not for Visual C++.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_cprint( fVector X, ui size, unsigned nperline );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::cprint( unsigned nperline );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_cprint( X:fVector; size, nperline:UInt );
Description | size elements of X are printed to the screen (or "console"), into the actual text window, nperline elements in each line. The display starts always with a new line. Please note that this may lead to an empty line at the beginning. Each line begins with the index of the first element printed into that line. The index is followed by a colon and by the requested nperline elements. Cartesian complex numbers are printed in braces, with the real and imaginary parts separated by a komma: {Re, Im}. Polar complex numbers are also written in braces, with the Mag and Arg parts separated by an at-sign: {Mag @ Arg}. The display pauses every screenful. The user is prompted after each page to continue or to stop printing. The number of digits per element is determined by the available space, which depends in turn on the line width and on the parameter nperline. This family of functions is available only for DOS and Win32 console applications. It should not be used within TurboVision DOS programs.
Error handling | If nperline exceeds the maximum number of entries possible in the current text mode, an error message "Cannot use requested format (too many entries per line)!" is generated; in this case, the program chooses the maximum number nperline that is possible.
Return value | none
See also | VF_fprint, VF_print, VF_write, VF_store, cprintf

VF_CtoAbs | VD_CtoAbs | VE_CtoAbs
Function | Absolute value (magnitude) of cartesian complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoAbs( fVector Abs, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoAbs( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoAbs( Abs:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Absi = sqrt( Re2(Xi) + Im2(Xi) ) The absolute value, i.e. the magnitude of each element of the complex vector X is calculated. This function is almost identical to VCF_abs, but does not perform any error handling.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VCF_abs, VF_PolartoC, VF_CtoReIm, VF_CtoArg, VF_CtoNorm

VF_CtoArg | VD_CtoArg | VE_CtoArg
Function | Argument (angle) of cartesian-complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoArg( fVector Arg, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoArg( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoArg( Arg:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Argi = arctan( Im(Xi) / Re(Xi) ) The argument, i.e. the angle of each element of the complex vector X is calculated. For Cartesian coordinates {0, 0}, the angle is arbitrary and is set to zero. When necessary, depending on the signs of Re(Xi) and Im(Xi), p is added or subtracted from the arctan to obtain the correct quadrant.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PolartoC, VF_CtoPolar, VF_atan2, VF_CtoAbs, VF_CtoReIm

VF_CtoIm | VD_CtoIm | VE_CtoIm
Function | Extract the imaginary part from a cartesian-complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoIm( fVector Im, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoIm( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoIm( Im:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The imaginary part of the complex vector X is extracted and stored in Im.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoReIm, VF_ReImtoC, VF_ImtoC, VF_PolartoC

VF_CtoNorm | VD_CtoNorm | VE_CtoNorm
Function | Norm (square of the absolute value) of cartesian-complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoNorm( fVector Norm, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoNorm( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoNorm( Norm:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Normi = Re2(Xi) + Im2(Xi) This definition of the Norm of a complex number is the same as in C++, but it is not consistent with the usual definition in mathematics, where the term "norm" is used as a synomym for "absolute value" or "magnitude". As defined here, the Norm is the square of the absolute value. The absolute value itself is available by the functions VF_CtoAbs (without error handling) and VCF_abs (with error handling).
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PolartoC, VF_CtoReIm, VF_CtoArg, VF_CtoAbs

VF_CtoP | VD_CtoP | VE_CtoP
Function | Transformation of a cartesian complex into a polar complex vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_CtoP( pfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::CtoP( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_CtoP( Y:pfVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | X is transformed from cartesian coordinates {Re, Im} into polar coordinates {Mag @ Arg}.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoPolar, VF_PtoC

VF_CtoPolar | VD_CtoPolar | VE_CtoPolar
Function | Transformation of complex numbers from Cartesian into polar coordinates, stored in separate vectors Mag and Arg.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoPolar( fVector Mag, fVector Arg, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoPolar( vector<T> Arg, const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoPolar( Mag, Arg:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar coordinates Mag (magnitude, absolute value) and Arg (argument, angle) of each element of the Cartesian complex vector X are calculated. For the Cartesian coordinates {0, 0}, the polar coordinates are also set to {0 @ 0}. This function is similar to VF_CtoP, with the exception that Mag and Arg are stored in separate vectors instead of one polar complex vector, as in VF_CtoP.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoP, VF_PolartoC, VF_CtoReIm, VF_CtoAbs, VF_CtoArg

VF_CtoRe | VD_CtoRe | VE_CtoRe
Function | Extracts the real part from a cartesian-complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoRe( fVector Re, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoRe( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoRe( Re:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The real part of the complex vector X is extracted and stored in Re.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoReIm, VF_ReImtoC, VF_RetoC, VF_PolartoC

VF_CtoReIm | VD_CtoReIm | VE_CtoReIm
Function | Extracts the real and imaginary parts from a cartesian-complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_CtoReIm( fVector Re, fVector Im, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::CtoReIm( vector<T> Im, const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_CtoReIm( Re, Im:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The real and imaginary parts of the complex vector X are extracted and stored in Re and Im, resp.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoRe, VF_ReImtoC, VF_RetoC, VF_PolartoC

VF_cubic | VD_cubic | VE_cubic
VFx_cubic | VDx_cubic | VEx_cubic
VFu_cubic | VDu_cubic | VEu_cubic
VFux_cubic | VDux_cubic | VEux_cubic
VCF_cubic | VCD_cubic | VCE_cubic
VCFx_cubic | VCDx_cubic | VCEx_cubic
VCFu_cubic | VCDu_cubic | VCEu_cubic
VCFux_cubic | VCDux_cubic | VCEux_cubic
VPF_cubic | VPD_cubic | VPE_cubic
VPFu_cubic | VPDu_cubic | VPEu_cubic
Function | Cubic (third power)
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_cubic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_cubic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B ); int VFu_cubic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFux_cubic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::cubic( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_cubic( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B ); int vector<T>::u_cubic( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::ux_cubic( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_cubic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_cubic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool; function VFu_cubic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFux_cubic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = (Xi)3 expanded versions: Yi = (A*Xi+B)3 "unprotected" versions (prefix VFu_, VFux_, etc.): These functions do not perform any error handling, which makes them much faster (up to 50%) than the standard versions. The extended-precision complex (VCEu_ and VCEux_) versions do not take some of the security measures present in the standard version and might fail for results very near the overflow limit; results near the underflow limit might be rendered as 0.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_square, VF_quartic, VF_sqrt, VF_pow, VF_ipow, VF_poly

VCF_dataPlot | VCD_dataPlot | VCE_dataPlot
Function | Plot of a complex vector into an existing Cartesian complex plane.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VCF_dataPlot( cfVector X, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::dataPlot( unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VCF_dataPlot( X:cfVector; size, form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | The vector X is plotted into a Cartesian complex plane that has been drawn previously by a call to either VCF_autoPlot, or VCF_2AutoPlot or V_drawAxes. For a description of the parameters form and color, see VF_xyAutoPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VCF_autoPlot, VCF_2AutoPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, chapter 4.12

VF_deconvolve | VD_deconvolve | VE_deconvolve
Function | Deconvolution
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_deconvolve( fVector Y, fVector Flt, fVector X, fVector Rsp, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::deconvolve( vector<T> Flt, const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Rsp );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_deconvolve( Y, Flt, X, Rsp:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | X is assumed to be the result of a convolution of some "true" profile with the response function Rsp; a deconvolution is attempted and stored in Y. A filter Flt is also calculated; if more than one vector is to be deconvolved with the same Rsp, use VF_deconvolve only once and use the filter Flt thus obtained to deconvolve other vectors by calling VF_filter. The response has to be stored in Rsp in wrap-around order: the elements for zero and positive times (or whatever the independent variable is) are stored as Rsp0 to Rspsize/2 and the elements for negative times as Rspsize/2+1 to Rspsize-1. You may wish to use VF_rotate or VF_reflect to obtain the correct order when constructing the response vector. X, Y, Rsp, and Flt must all be of the same size, which has to be an integer power of 2. X may be overwritten by Y, Rsp may be overwritten by Flt, but X and Flt as well as Y and Rsp have to be distinct from each other. Mathematically, Flt is the inverse of the Fourier transform of Rsp. If the Fourier transform of Rsp contains elements equal to zero, all information is lost for the respective frequency and no reconstruction is possible. The best one can do in this case is to accept this loss and to deconvolve only up to those frequencies where still something is left to be reconstructed. You are therefore advised not to use this function blindly but rather to inspect the Fourier transform of Rsp and decide what to do on the basis of your specific application. If you wish to use this function nevertheless, you may rely on the automatic editing of the filter, built into VF_deconvolve. Thereby, Flt is set to zero (instead of infinity) at those frequences where all information has been lost. You may set the threshold for this implicit editing by VF_setRspEdit. In order to retrieve the threshold actually set, use VF_getRspEdit. This deconvolution is based on the implicit assumption that X is periodic; if this is not the case, see the description of VF_convolve about how to avoid end effects. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_deconvolve is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted. If, by VF_setRspEdit, you specified Trunc.Re = Trunc.Im = 0, SING errors may occur that are handled by setting Flt to ±HUGE_VAL at the respective frequency. During multiplication with the transform of X, this may lead to unhandled floating-point overflow errors (in case your guess of Rsp was wrong and there is some information left at the frequencies where you thought it was not).
Return value | none
See also | VF_filter, VF_convolve, VF_FFT, VF_xcorr, VF_spectrum

VF_delete | VD_delete | VE_delete
VCF_delete | VCD_delete | VCE_delete
VPF_delete | VPD_delete | VPE_delete
VI_delete | VSI_delete | VLI_delete | VQI_delete
VU_delete | VUS_delete | VUL_delete | VUI_delete
Function | Delete one element from a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_delete( fVector X, ui size, ui pos );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::delete( ui pos );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_delete( X:fVector; size, pos:UInt );
Description | This is one of the few functions where the input vector itself is changed, instead of being mapped onto an output vector. The element numbered pos is deleted from the vector, and all the following elements are shifted one position lower; the last element is left undefined.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_rotate, VF_insert

VF_derivC | VD_derivC | VE_derivC
Function | Derivative of an array with respect to an independent variable sampled at constant intervals
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_derivC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float DeltaT );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::derivC( const vector<T>& X, T DeltaT );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_derivC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; DeltaT:Single );
Description | Y(t) = dX(t) / dt. The vector X is assumed to be a function of a variable t; the t values themselves are equally spaced. Therefore, only the spacing, DeltaT, must be passed to the function. By parabolic interpolation, the derivative of X with respect to t is calculated. This function does the inverse of the integration by VF_runintegralC.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_derivV, VF_runintegralC

VF_derivV | VD_derivV | VE_derivV
Function | Derivative of one array with respect to another
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_derivV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::derivV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_derivV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Z(X) = dY(X) / dX. The derivative of Y with respect to X is calculated by parabolic interpolation and stored in Z. If the elements of X are equally-spaced, it is better to use VF_derivC. The inverse procedure, i.e. integration, is performed by VF_runintegralV.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_derivC, VF_runintegralV

VF_distribution | VD_distribution | VE_distribution
Function | Distribution function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> ui VF_distribution( uiVector Abund, fVector Limits, ui nbins, fVector X, ui sizex, int mode );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<ui>::distribution( const vector<T>& Limits, const vector<T>& X, int mode=0 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_distribution( Abund:uVector; Limits:fVector; bins:UInt; X:fVector; sizex:UInt; mode:Integer ):UInt;
Description | This function counts the number of elements of X falling into each of the intervals defined by Limits. The abundances thus determined are stored in Abund. nbins is the number of elements of Limits, i.e. the number of intervals. sizex is the size of X. Limits must be in ascending order. The spacing between the elements of Limits need not necessarily be constant. The parameter mode specifies how to interpret the values given in Limits. mode > 0: Limits contains the upper limits of the intervals mode < 0: Limits contains the lower limits of the intervals mode = 0: Limits contains the mid-points of the intervals. An element of X belongs to the element of Limits closest to it. In case of exactly equal distances, the interval with the lower index is chosen. The interval defined by Limits0 extends down to -HUGE_VAL, the interval defined by Limitsnbins-1 reaches up to +HUGE_VAL. The number of elements of X not falling into one of the intervals is returned. For mode > 0, these are the elements greater than the highest limit. For mode < 0, these are the elements smaller than the lowest limit. For mode = 0, the return value is always zero, because the intervals are open on both sides. So every element of X is accounted for in Abund. In order to get the normalized distribution function, use the sequence VF_distribution( Abund, Limits, nbins, X, sizex, 0 ); V_UItoD( Y, Abund, nbins ); /* C/C++ or */ V_UtoD( Y, Abund, nbins ); (* Pascal/Delphi *) VD_divC( Y, Y, nbins, VD_integralV(Limits,Y,nbins) ); After that, a call to VD_runintegralC( Y, Y, nbins, 1.0 ); yields the cumulated distribution function.
Error handling | none
Return value | number of elements of X not accounted for in Abund
See also | VF_searchV

VF_divC | VD_divC | VE_divC
VCF_divC | VCD_divC | VCE_divC
VCF_divReC | VCD_divReC | VCE_divReC
VPF_divC | VPD_divC | VPE_divC
VPF_divReC | VPD_divReC | VPE_divReC
VI_divC | VBI_divC | VSI_divC | VLI_divC | VQI_divC
VU_divC | VUB_divC | VUS_divC | VUL_divC | VUI_divC
Function | Divide by a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_divC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); void VCF_divC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCF_divReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::divC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<complex<T>>::divC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::divReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_divC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VCF_divC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_divReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single );
Description | Yi = Xi / C The integer versions perform an integer division, discarding the remainder; the remainder itself may be obtained by the functions of the VI_modC family. The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe by which the complex vector is divided.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_divV, VF_addC, VF_subC, VF_mulC, VF_divrC, VF_modC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_divrC | VD_divrC | VE_divrC
VCF_divrC | VCD_divrC | VCE_divrC
VCF_divrReC | VCD_divrReC | VCE_divrReC
VFx_divrC | VDx_divrC | VEx_divrC
VCFx_divrC | VCDx_divrC | VCEx_divrC
VPF_divrC | VPD_divrC | VPE_divrC
VPF_divrReC | VPD_divrReC | VPE_divrReC
VI_divrC | VBI_divrC | VSI_divrC | VLI_divrC | VQI_divrC
VU_divrC | VUB_divrC | VUS_divrC | VUL_divrC | VUI_divrC
Function | Reverse division: divide a constant by a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_divrC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); void VFx_divrC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); void VCF_divrC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCFx_divrC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B, fComplex C ); void VCF_divrReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::divrC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<T>::x_divrC( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); void vector<complex<T>>::divrC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_divrC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> A, complex<T> B, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::divrReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_divrC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VFx_divrC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ); procedure VCF_divrC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_divrC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_divrReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single );
Description | normal versions: Yi = C / Xi expanded versions: Yi = C / (A*Xi+B) The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe which are divided by the complex vector.
Error handling | none; for the floating-point versions, there are related functions that calculate 1.0 / Xi and 1.0 / (A*Xi+B): VF_inv and VFx_inv, respectively; both of these detect and handle SING errors.
Return value | none
See also | VF_divV, VF_inv, VF_addC, VF_subC, VF_mulC, VF_divC, VF_modC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_divrV | VD_divrV | VE_divrV
VCF_divrV | VCD_divrV | VCE_divrV
VCF_divrReV | VCD_divrReV | VCE_divrReV
VFx_divrV | VDx_divrV | VEx_divrV
VCFx_divrV | VCDx_divrV | VCEx_divrV
VCFx_divrReV | VCDx_divrReV | VCEx_divrReV
VPF_divrV | VPD_divrV | VPE_divrV
VPF_divrReV | VPD_divrReV | VPE_divrReV
VI_divrV | VBI_divrV | VSI_divrV | VLI_divrV | VQI_divrV
VU_divrV | VUB_divrV | VUS_divrV | VUL_divrV | VUI_divrV
Function | Divide two vectors in reverse order
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_divrV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_divrV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); void VCF_divrV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_divrReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_divrV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_divrReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::divrV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_divrV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::divrV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::divrReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_divrV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_divrReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_divrV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_divrV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ); procedure VCF_divrV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_divrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_divrV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_divrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Yi / Xi expanded versions: Zi = Yi / (A*Xi+B) The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants: in the first variant (e.g., VCF_divrV, VCFx_divrV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g., VCF_divrReV - "division in reverse order: divide a real vector by a complex one").
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_divrC, VF_addV, VF_mulV, VF_modV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_divV | VD_divV | VE_divV
VFs_divV | VDs_divV | VEs_divV
VFx_divV | VDx_divV | VEx_divV
VCF_divV | VCD_divV | VCE_divV
VCF_divReV | VCD_divReV | VCE_divReV
VCFx_divV | VCDx_divV | VCEx_divV
VCFx_divReV | VCDx_divReV | VCEx_divReV
VPF_divV | VPD_divV | VPE_divV
VPF_divReV | VPD_divReV | VPE_divReV
VI_divV | VBI_divV | VSI_divV | VLI_divV | VQI_divV
VU_divV | VUB_divV | VUS_divV | VUL_divV | VUI_divV
Function | Divide two vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_divV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFs_divV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float C ); void VFx_divV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); void VCF_divV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_divReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_divV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_divReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::divV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::s_divV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& C ); void vector<T>::x_divV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::divV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::divReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_divV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_divReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_divV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFs_divV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VFx_divV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ); procedure VCF_divV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_divReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_divV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_divrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Xi / Yi scaled versions: Zi = C * (Xi / Yi) expanded versions: Zi = (A*Xi+B) / Yi The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants: in the first variant (e.g., VCF_divV, VCFx_divV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g., VCF_divReV - "divide by a real vector").
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_divC, VF_addV, VF_mulV, VF_modV, VF_visV, VF_redV

V_drawAxes
Function | Draws a Cartesian coordinate system.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_drawAxes( long double Xmin, long double Xmax, long double Ymin, long double Ymax );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_drawAxes( xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax:Extended );
Description | A Cartesian coordinate system is drawn with the axes scaled according to the values passed as Xmin, Xmax, Ymin, and Ymax. Ten subdivision lines are drawn on each axis. No adjustment of this scaling is performed; if automatic fine-tuning of the scaling is desired, call V_findAxes instead. Before using this function, either V_initGraph or V_initPlot has to be called. V_drawAxes is used internally by all functions of the AutoPlot family.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_findAxes, V_initPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, VF_xyDataPlot, chapter 4.12

V_DtoF | V_DtoE
Function | Data type conversions. See V_FtoD.

VF_element | VD_element | VE_element
VCF_element | VCD_element | VCE_element
VPF_element | VPD_element | VPE_element
VI_element | VBI_element | VSI_element | VLI_element | VQI_element
VU_element | VUB_element | VUS_element | VUL_element | VUI_element
Function | Returns the value of a vector element
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_element( fVector X, ui pos );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::element( ui pos );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_element( X:fVector; pos:UInt ): Single;
Description | The element at the position pos is returned. Pascal/Delphi only: As fComplex and fPolar return values are not possible, the VCF_ and VPF_ versions store Xpos into the variable xpos. This function is needed to read elements of dynamically allocated vectors, for which older versions of Borland C++ had a pointer arithmetics bug, and Pascal/Delphi - unlike C - does not provide an own mechanism at all. VF_element is "read-only". This means, you c a n n o t write something like VF_element( X, 4 ) := 5;
Error handling | none
Return value | X[pos] (except Pascal/Delphi complex versions)
See also | VF_Pelement

VF_equ0 | VD_equ0 | VE_equ0
VCF_equ0 | VCD_equ0 | VCE_equ0
VPF_equ0 | VPD_equ0 | VPE_equ0
VI_equ0 | VBI_equ0 | VSI_equ0 | VLI_equ0 | VQI_equ0
VU_equ0 | VUB_equ0 | VUS_equ0 | VUL_equ0 | VUI_equ0
Function | (Re-) initialize a vector with zero.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_equ0( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::equ0();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_equ0( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = 0
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ1, VF_equC, VF_equV

VF_equ1 | VD_equ1 | VE_equ1
VCF_equ1 | VCD_equ1 | VCE_equ1
VPF_equ1 | VPD_equ1 | VPE_equ1
Function | Initialize a vector with 1.0.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_equ1( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::equ1();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_equ1( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = 1.0 In the cartesian complex versions, the imaginary parts are set to zero. In the polar complex versions, all elements are set to {1.0 @ 0}.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ0, VF_equm1, VF_equC, VF_equV

VF_equC | VD_equC | VE_equC
VCF_equC | VCD_equC | VCE_equC
VPF_equC | VPD_equC | VPE_equC
VI_equC | VBI_equC | VSI_equC | VLI_equC | VQI_equC
VU_equC | VUB_equC | VUS_equC | VUL_equC | VUI_equC
Function | Initializes a vector with a constant value.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_equC( fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::equC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_equC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Xi = C
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ0, VF_equ1, VF_equV, VF_comb

VF_equm1 | VD_equm1 | VE_equm1
VCF_equm1 | VCD_equm1 | VCE_equm1
VPF_equm1 | VPD_equm1 | VPE_equm1
Function | Initialize a vector with -1.0.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_equm1( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::equm1();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_equm1( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = -1.0 In the cartesian complex versions, the imaginary parts are set to zero. In the polar complex versions, all elements are set to { 1.0 @ p }.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ0, VF_equ1, VF_equC, VF_equV

VF_equV | VD_equV | VE_equV
VCF_equV | VCD_equV | VCE_equV
VFx_equV | VDx_equV | VEx_equV
VCFx_equV | VCDx_equV | VCEx_equV
VPF_equV | VPD_equV | VPE_equV
VI_equV | VBI_equV | VSI_equV | VLI_equV | VQI_equV
VU_equV | VUB_equV | VUS_equV | VUL_equV | VUI_equV
Function | Copies one vector to another.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_equV( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); void VFx_equV( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::equV( const vector<T>& X ); void vector<T>::x_equV( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_equV( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_equV( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single );
Description | normal versions: Yi = Xi expanded versions: Yi = A * Xi + B
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_equ0, VF_equ1, VF_equC

VF_erf | VD_erf | VE_erf
VFx_erf | VDx_erf | VEx_erf
Function | Error function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_erf( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_erf( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::erf( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_erf( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_erf( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_erf( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = erf( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * erf( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | this function should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_erfc, VF_Gauss

VF_erfc | VD_erfc | VE_erfc
VFx_erfc | VDx_erfc | VEx_erfc
Function | Complementary error function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_erfc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_erfc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::erfc( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_erfc( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_erfc( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_erfc( Y,X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 1.0 - erf( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * (1.0 - erf( A*Xi+B ))
Error handling | this function should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_erf, VF_Gauss

VF_Euclid | VD_Euclid | VE_Euclid
Function | Calculates the Euclidean norm of a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_Euclid( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::Euclid();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_Euclid( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | norm = sqrt( sum( Xi2 ) ) The Euclidean norm of a vector is defined as the square-root of the scalar product of the vector with itself.
Error handling | none (but beware of a possible overflow!)
Return value | The Euclidean norm is returned
See also | VF_ssq, VF_rms, VF_scalprod, VF_xprod

VF_exp | VD_exp | VE_exp
VCF_exp | VCD_exp | VCE_exp
VFx_exp | VDx_exp | VEx_exp
VCFx_exp | VCDx_exp | VCEx_exp
VCF_exptoP | VCD_exptoP | VCE_exptoP
Function | Exponential function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_exp( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_exp( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VCF_exptoP( pfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::exp( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_exp( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<polar<T>>::exptoP( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_exp( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_exp( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VCF_exptoP( Y:pfVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = exp( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * exp( A*Xi+B ) Euler's constant e is raised to the Xi'th power. For cartesian complex numbers, the result can be stored either in cartesian complex format (VCF_exp), or in polar coordinates (VCF_exptoP). Variants of the exponential function, like its complement (VF_expc), the hyperbolic functions (e.g. VF_sinh), or the Gaussian distribution (VF_Gauss) are also available; see chapter 4.6.7 about "Exponentials" before using VF_exp for sums or other combinations of exponentials - maybe the desired function already exists.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_log, VF_expc, VF_pow, VF_powexp, VF_sinh, VF_exp2, VF_Gauss, VPF_logtoC, exp

VF_exp2 | VD_exp2 | VE_exp2
VFx_exp2 | VDx_exp2 | VEx_exp2
Function | Exponential function to the basis 2
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_exp2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_exp2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::exp2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_exp2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_exp2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_exp2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 2 Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * 2 (A*Xi+B) Two is raised to the Xi'th power. These function names are used as synonyms for VF_pow2 etc.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_exp, VF_exp10, VF_ipow2, VF_scale2, VF_log2

VF_exp10 | VD_exp10 | VE_exp10
VFx_exp10 | VDx_exp10 | VEx_exp10
Function | Exponential function to the basis 10
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_exp10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_exp10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::exp10( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_exp10( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_exp10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_exp10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 10 Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * 10 (A*Xi+B) Ten is raised to the Xi'th power. These function names are used as synonyms for VF_pow10 etc.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_exp, VF_exp2, VF_ipow10, VF_scale10, VF_log10

VF_expArbBase | VD_expArbBase | VE_expArbBase
VCF_expArbBase | VCD_expArbBase | VCE_expArbBase
VFx_expArbBase | VDx_expArbBase | VEx_expArbBase
VCFx_expArbBase | VCDx_expArbBase | VCEx_expArbBase
Function | Exponential function of an arbitrary base
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_expArbBase( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Base ); int VFx_expArbBase( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Base, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::expArbBase( const vector<T>& X, const T& Base ); int vector<T>::x_expArbBase( const vector<T>& X, const T& Base, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_expArbBase( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Base:Single ): IntBool; function VFx_expArbBase( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Base, A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = Base Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * Base (A*Xi+B) Base must be positive and non-zero in the real-number versions. In the complex versions, Base must be non-zero.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_exp, VF_pow

VF_expc | VD_expc | VE_expc
VFx_expc | VDx_expc | VEx_expc
Function | Complementary exponential function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_expc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_expc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::expc( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_expc( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_expc( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_expc( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 1 - exp( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * (1 - exp [A*Xi + B ]) The difference between 1.0 and the exponential function of Xi is calculated. Note that the expc function is directly available from the 80x87 coprocessor in high accuracy; in fact, it is the exponential function itself that is internally calculated via the expc function. The expc function is often encountered in the natural sciences for the description of decay and growth processes.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_log, VF_exp, VF_pow, VF_sinh, VF_exp2, VF_Gauss, exp

VF_expmx2 | VD_expmx2 | VE_expmx2
VFx_expmx2 | VDx_expmx2 | VEx_expmx2
Function | Exponential function of the negative square of the argument
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_expmx2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_expmx2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::expmx2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_expmx2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_expmx2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_expmx2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = exp( -Xi2 ) expanded versions: Yi = C * exp( -(A*Xi+B)2 ) This function yields a bell-shaped curve similar to the Gaussian function.
Error handling | This function should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_log, VF_exp, VF_Gauss, VF_sech2, VF_Lorentz, exp

VF_FFT | VD_FFT | VE_FFT
VF_FFTtoC | VD_FFTtoC | VE_FFTtoC
VCF_FFT | VCD_FFT | VCE_FFT
Function | Fast Fourier transform
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_FFT( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int dir ); void VCF_FFT( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, int dir ); void VF_FFTtoC( cfVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::FFT( const vector<T>& X, int dir=1 ); void vector<complex<T>>::FFT( const vector<complex<T>>& X, int dir=1 ); void vector<complex<T>>::FFTtoC( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_FFT( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; dir:Integer ); procedure VCF_FFT( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; dir:Integer ); procedure VF_FFTtoC( Y:cfVector; X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The Fourier transform of X is calculated and stored in Y. A Fast Fourier Transform algorithm is used that requires size to be a power of 2. The forward transform is obtained by setting dir = 1, the inverse (or backward) transform by setting dir = -1. As usual, the inverse transform involves scaling the result by the factor 1.0/size (complex FFT) or 2.0/size (real FFT). Since it is sometimes desirable to skip this implicit scaling, VF_FFT offers the possibility to do so: specify dir = -2 in this case. Complex version: Both X and the output Y are complex vectors. Real-to-complex version: The input vector X is real. The output vector is complex. As this function can only perform a forward transform, no argument "dir" is needed. Purely real version: For the forward transform, X is a real vector. The output Y is also defined as fVector, although it consists of complex numbers. These are packed in a special way such as to fit into the same amount of memory as the original real vector X. The order of storage in Y is indicated in the following table (N=size, U is the uncompressed Fourier Transform of X):
Y0 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | ..... | YN-2 | YN-1
U0.Re | UN/2.Re | U1.Re | U1.Im | ..... | UN/2-1.Re | UN/2-1.Im
The reason for this packing is the following. If the size real data points of X represent a function of the time, X = g(t), then the forward transform yields a function U = G(f) in the frequency domain. In principle, U consists of size+1 complex data points: size/2 points for positive frequencies, another size/2 points for negative frequencies, and one point at frequency zero. For the Fourier Transform of a real vector, the symmetry relation G(-f) = |G(f)|* holds (the asterisc denoting the complex conjugate). This means that the points at negative frequencies need not be stored; all information is already contained in the positive frequency half. Moreover, the zeroth and the size2'th element of the transform are both purely real. Therefore, only these two real and size/2-1 complex data points have to be stored - which exactly fit into the same amount of memory as the original size real data points of X. This allows X to be overwritten by its transform, if desired. For the real version of the inverse transform, X has to be a complex vector packed in the way just described, and a real-valued vector Y is obtained. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, an error message "Size must be an integer power of 2" is generated and the program aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_filter, VF_convolve, VF_autocorr, VF_xcorr, VF_spectrum

VF_filter | VD_filter | VE_filter
VCF_filter | VCD_filter | VCE_filter
Function | Frequency filtering
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_filter(fVector Y, fVector X, fVector Flt, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::filter( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Flt );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_filter( Y, X, Flt:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | A frequency filter Flt is applied to the vector X. Internally, this is done by performing a Fourier transform on X, multiplying the transform with Flt and transforming the product back into the time domain. Complex versions: X, Y and the filter Flt are complex vectors. Real versions: X and Y are real. Flt has to be in the packed complex format that is obtained by Fourier transforming a real vector with VF_FFT (see that function for the description of the packed complex format) or by using VF_convolve. For purely real filter functions known analytically, construct your filter by first evaluating it for a real vector of size/2+1 elements, and subsequently copy this real vector into Flt, as in the following example (fNyquist = 0.5 / sampling_interval; the desired cutoff frequency is fCutOff):
Example C/C++: | float Coeffs[3] = {1.0, 1.4142135, 1.0}; fVector Flt = VF_vector0( size ); fVector RealFlt = VF_vector( size/2+1 ); fVector Freq = VF_vector( size/2+1 ); VF_ramp( Freq, size/2+1, 0, (fNyquist / fCutOff) / (size/2) ); /* reduced frequencies from 0 to fNyquist / fCutOff */ VF_poly( RealFlt, Freq, size/2+1, Coeffs, 2 ); VF_inv( RealFlt, RealFlt, size/2+1 ); /* calc. response from coeffs of this 2nd order filter */ VF_RetoC( (cfVector)Flt, RealFlt, size/2 ); /* the imaginary elements remain 0 */ Flt[1] = RealFlt[ size/2 ]; /* response at Nyquist frequency */
The same example for Pascal/Delphi: | const Coeffs: array[0..2] of Single = (1.0, 1.4142135, 1.0); var Flt, RealFlt, Freq: fVector; size_2: UInt; begin ... size_2 := size div 2; Flt := VF_vector0( size ); RealFlt := VF_vector( size_2+1 ); Freq := VF_vector( size_2+1 ); VF_ramp( Freq, size_2+1, 0, (fNyquist / fCutOff) / (size_2) ); (* reduced frequencies from 0 to fNyquist / fCutOff *) VF_poly( RealFlt, Freq, size_2+1, @Coeffs, 2 ); VF_inv( RealFlt, RealFlt, size_2+1 ); (* calc. response from coeffs of this 2nd order filter *) VF_RetoC( cfVector(Flt), RealFlt, size_2 ); (* the imaginary elements remain 0 *) VF_Pelement( Flt, 1 )^ := VF_element( RealFlt, size_2 ); (* response at Nyquist frequency *) ... end; If X is non-periodic, both ends of the filtered function may be spoiled by wrap-around. See VF_convolve about how to avoid end-effects by embedding X in a larger vector or by removing a possible linear trend. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_filter is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_FFT, VF_convolve, VF_autocorr, VF_xcorr, VF_spectrum, VF_smooth

V_findAxes
Function | Calculate an appropriate scaling and draw a Cartesian coordinate system.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_findAxes( long double Xmin, long double Xmax, long double Ymin, long double Ymax );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_findAxes( xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax:Extended );
Description | This function will rarely be called by the user, but is used internally in VF_xyAutoPlot and other plotting functions. According to the x- and y ranges given in the parameters Xmin, Xmax, Ymin and Ymax, a linear Cartesian coordinate system is drawn with ten subdivisions both for the abscissa and the ordinate. If necessary, the x and y ranges are enlarged so as to meet the following conditions: 1. Every subdivision line represents an exact (and not only a rounded) value. 2. If the range of one axis or both includes zero, zero falls exactly on a subdivision line. If the automatic scaling is not desired, use V_drawAxes instead. Before calling V_findAxes, the plotting routines have to be initialized by either V_initGraph or V_initPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_drawAxes, V_initPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot

VF_floor | VD_floor | VE_floor
VF_floortoI | VD_floortoI | VE_floortoI
VF_floortoBI | VD_floortoBI | VE_floortoBI
VF_floortoSI | VD_floortoSI | VE_floortoSI
VF_floortoLI | VD_floortoLI | VE_floortoLI
VF_floortoQI | VD_floortoQI | VE_floortoQI
VF_floortoU | VD_floortoU | VE_floortoU
VF_floortoUB | VD_floortoUB | VE_floortoUB
VF_floortoUS | VD_floortoUS | VE_floortoUS
VF_floortoUL | VD_floortoUL | VE_floortoUL
VF_floortoUI | VD_floortoUI | VE_floortoUI
Function | Rounding towards minus infinity
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_floor( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_floortoI( iVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_floortoLI( liVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_floortoU( uVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all others)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::floor( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<int>::floortoI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<long>::floortoLI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<unsigned>::floortoU( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_floor( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_floortoI( Y:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_floortoLI( Y:liVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; (similarly all others)
Description | Each element of X is rounded to the nearest whole number that is less than or equal to the input number and the result stored in Y. The functions VF_floortoI, VF_floortoLI, VF_floortoU, etc. convert the result to the various integer data types (in the cases mentioned, to the types int, long int, or unsigned, respectively).
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors are handled by setting the result to the extreme value possible. Negative numbers in the versions VF_floortoU, VF_floortoUS, VF_floortoUL, and VF_floortoUI lead to DOMAIN errors; they are handled by setting the result to 0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_round, VF_ceil, VF_chop, VF_trunc, ceil, floor

VF_flush0 | VD_flush0 | VE_flush0
VCF_flush0 | VCD_flush0 | VCE_flush0
Function | Sets vector elements with an absolute value less than a certain threshold to 0.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_flush0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float AbsMin ); void VCF_flush0( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, fComplex AbsMin );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::flush0( const vector<T>& X, const T& AbsMin ); void vector<T>::flush0( const vector<T>& X, complex<T> AbsMin );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_flush0( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; AbsMin:Single ); procedure VCF_flush0( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; AbsMin:fComplex );
Description | Yi = Xi, if | Xi | >= AbsMin, Yi = 0, otherwise The complex versions treat the real and imaginary parts separately, using the real and imaginary parts of AbsMin to determine where to cut. If only the imaginary part is to be edited, set the real part of AbsMin to zero, e.g. (for C/C++): VCF_flush0( Y, X, size, fcplx( 0, 1.e-6 ));
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_limit, VF_maxC

VF_fmodC | VD_fmodC | VE_fmodC
VF_fmodV | VD_fmodV | VE_fmodV
VFx_fmodV | VDx_fmodV | VEx_fmodV
Function | Floating-point modulo division
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_fmodC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); void VF_fmodV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_fmodV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::fmodC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<T>::fmodV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_fmodV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | These functions are not defined. Use VF_modC, VF_modV, etc.
Description | These functions have been included in order to provide consistency with ANSI C function names. They are implemented as macros that call VF_modC, VF_modV, VFx_modV etc. See these functions for details.

VF_fprint | VD_fprint | VE_fprint
VCF_fprint | VCD_fprint | VCE_fprint
VPF_fprint | VPD_fprint | VPE_fprint
VI_fprint | VBI_fprint | VSI_fprint | VLI_fprint | VQI_fprint
VU_fprint | VUB_fprint | VUS_fprint | VUL_fprint | VUI_fprint
Function | print a vector to a stream
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_fprint( FILE *stream, fVector X, ui size, unsigned nperline, unsigned linewidth );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::fprint( FILE *stream, unsigned nperline, unsigned linewidth );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_fprint( var Stream:Text; X:fVector; size, nperline, linewidth:UInt );
Description | size elements of X are written to stream, nperline in each line of linewidth characters. Printing starts always with a new line. This may lead to an empty line at the beginning. Especially the first line of a file is reserved for a possible headline. Each line begins with the index of the first element printed into that line. The index is followed by a colon and by the requested nperline elements. Cartesian complex numbers are printed in braces, with the real and imaginary parts separated by a komma: {Re, Im}. Polar complex numbers are also written in braces, with the Mag and Arg parts separated by an at-sign: {Mag @ Arg}. In contrast to VF_write and VF_nwrite, it is not possible to override the automatic choice of the format used for printing. The number of digits per element is determined by the available space, which depends in turn on the parameters nperline and linewidth.
Error handling | if nperline exceeds the maximum number of entries possible for the linewidth chosen, an error message "Cannot use requested format (too many entries per line)!" is generated; in this case, the program chooses the maximum number nperline possible.
Return value | none
See also | VF_cprint, VF_print, VF_write, VF_store, fprintf

V_free
Function | De-allocate a single vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_free( void *X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_free( Ptr:Pointer );
Description | The vector X is freed (i.e. de-allocated). V_free should be used only for the de-allocation of vectors which have previously be allocated by one of the functions of the VF_vector or VF_vector0 family. To free several vectors simultaneously, use V_nfree (C/C++ only).
Error handling | Trying to free a vector that has already been freed, or that has never been allocated memory, leads to a warning message "Cannot free non-existent vector". Program execution is continued without freeing anything in this case.
Return value | none
See also | V_nfree, V_freeAll, VF_vector, VF_vector0

V_freeAll
Function | De-allocate all vectors (and matrices)
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_freeAll( void );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_freeAll;
Description | All vectors and matrices previously allocated by one of the functions of the VF_vector, VF_vector0, or MF_matrix families are freed.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_free, V_nfree, VF_vector, VF_vector0

VF_frexp | VD_frexp | VE_frexp
Function | Split up the elements of a vector into their mantissa and exponent parts.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_frexp( fVector Mant, iVector Exp, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::frexp( vector<int> Exp, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | These functions are not available for Pascal/Delphi;
Description | The function is implemented as a macro calling VF_mantexp; the name VF_frexp is included only to maintain consistency with the ANSI C function name frexp. For details, see VF_mantexp and frexp.

VI_fsum | VSI_fsum | VLI_fsum | VQI_fsum
VU_fsum | VUS_fsum | VUL_fsum | VUI_fsum
Function | sum of the elements of an integer vector, returned in floating-point
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VIstd.h> double VI_fsum( iVector X, ui size ); (similarly VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, VU_, VUB_, VUS_, VUL_, VUI_) extended VQI_fsum( qiVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> double vector<int>::fsum(); extended vector<quad>::fsum();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VIstd; function VI_fsum( X:iVector; size:UInt ); Double; (similarly VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, VU_, VUB_, VUS_, VUL_) function VQI_fsum( X:qiVector; size:UInt ); Extended;
Description | The elements of X are summed up. In order to avoid possible overflow, the sum is accumulated in a floating-point number. The 8, 16, and 32 bit variants return the result in double precision, whereas the 64 bit variant, VQI_fsum, returns an extended.
Error handling | none
Return value | the sum in floating-point format
See also | VF_sum, VF_mean

V_FtoD | V_FtoE | V_CFtoCD | V_CFtoCE
V_DtoF | V_DtoE | V_CDtoCF | V_CDtoCE
V_EtoF | V_EtoD | V_CEtoCF | V_CEtoCD
Function | Data type interconversions.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VDstd.h> (always include the <V..std.h> file of the destination data-type!) void V_FtoD( dVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<double>::FtoD( const vector<float>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VDstd; (always include the unit of the destination data-type!) procedure V_FtoD( Y:dVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Each element of X is converted from the data type specified for X to the data type specified for Y and stored in Y.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors in the course of the "down-conversions" (e.g., V_EtoF); are silently handled: the extreme value possible for the destination data type is stored in Y with the correct sign. _matherr is not called.
Return value | none
See also | V_ItoF, V_roundtoI, V_roundtoLI

VF_Gauss | VD_Gauss | VE_Gauss
Function | Gaussian normal distribution function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_Gauss( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Wid, float Cent, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::Gauss( const vector<T>& X, T Wid, const T& Cent, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_Gauss( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Wid, Cent, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = C / (Wid * sqrt(2*p)) * exp( -0.5*((Xi-Cent) / Wid)2 ) Wid = width of the distribution Cent = center of the distribution C is a scaling factor; for C = 1.0, the distribution is normalized. For Wid = 0, the normal distribution is in fact a delta distribution with Y = C * INF at X = Cent and Y = 0 at all other values of X. Since infinities are not supported, the existence of a point X = Cent will lead to a SING error in case Wid is zero.
Error handling | SING errors may occur only for a Wid of zero. They are handled with the default result set to ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_expmx2, VF_erf, VF_sech2, VF_Lorentz

V_getCoordSystem
Function | Store the scalings and position of the current coordinate system used for VectorLib plotting operations
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_getCoordSystem( VCOORDSYSTEM *csys );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_getCoordSystem( var csys: VCOORDSYSTEM );
Description | If one wants to "hop" between several coordinate systems, displayed in one and the same window, one has to store the specifications (position and scalings) of each coordinate system separately, using this function. The address of a struct VCOORDSYSTEM is needed as the argument. VCOORDSYSTEM is defined in <Vgraph.h> (C/C++) or the unit Vgraph (Pascal/Delphi).
Example C/C++ | VCOORDSYSTEM csys1; .... /* create the first plot: */ V_setPlotRegion( 0, 0, 339, 200 ); VF_xyAutoPlot( X1, Y1, size1, PS_SOLID, LightGreen ); V_getCoordSystem( &csys1 ); /* store for later */ /* create the second plot: */ V_setPlotRegion( 340, 0, 679, 200 ); VF_xyAutoPlot( X2, Y2, size2, PS_SOLID, LightRed ); /* go back to the first plot: */ VF_setCoordSystem( &csys1 ); /* add an additional DataPlot: */ VF_xyDataPlot( X1, Z1, size1, PS_SOLID, LightBlue );
Example Pascal/Delphi | var cxyx1: VCOORDSYSTEM; begin .... (* create the first plot: *) V_setPlotRegion( 0, 0, 339, 200 ); VF_xyAutoPlot( X1, Y1, size1, PS_SOLID, LightGreen ); V_getCoordSystem( csys1 ); (* store for later *) (* create the second plot: *) V_setPlotRegion( 340, 0, 679, 200 ); VF_xyAutoPlot( X2, Y2, size2, PS_SOLID, LightRed ); (* go back to the first plot: *) VF_setCoordSystem( csys1 ); (* add an additional DataPlot: *) VF_xyDataPlot( X1, Z1, size1, PS_SOLID, LightBlue ); end;
Return value | none
See also | V_setCoordSystem, V_setPlotRegion, V_continuePlot

V_getFPAccuracy
Function | Test the actual precision the coprocessor is switched to
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> unsigned V_getFPAccuracy( void );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; function V_getFPAccuracy: UInt;
Description | This function reads the FPU Control-Word. If the FPU is set to float / Single precision, 1 is returned. In case of double precision, the return value is 2, and extended precision yields 3. In order to change the coprocessor precision, use the (non-standardized) functions offered by the various compilers, or the OptiVec function V_setFPAccuracy.
Return value | 1, 2, or 3
See also | V_setFPAccuracy

VF_getRspEdit | VD_getRspEdit | VE_getRspEdit
Function | Read the present threshold for the editing of the filter in VF_convolve and VF_deconvolve
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> fComplex VF_getRspEdit( void );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> complex <T> vector<T>::getRspEdit();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_getRspEdit( var Trunc:fComplex );
Description | The threshold for the treatment of round-off errors in the functions for convolution and deconvolution is returned.
Error handling | none
Return value | present threshold. real part: acts on the real parts of the filter elements imaginary part: acts on the imaginary parts of the filter elements
See also | VF_setRspEdit, VF_convolve, VF_deconvolve

VF_Hanning | VD_Hanning | VE_Hanning
Function | "Hanning" window for use in spectral analysis
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_Hanning( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::Hanning();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_Hanning( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = 0.5 * (1 - cos( 2 p i / (size-1) ))
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_Welch, VF_Parzen, VF_spectrum

VF_hypC | VD_hypC | VE_hypC
Function | Quotient of Xi over the sum of Xi and a constant.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_hypC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::hypC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_hypC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = hyp( Xi, C ) = Xi / (Xi + C) The function calculating Yi according to this formula is dubbed "hyp" for its formal similarity to the expression constructing a hyperbola.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_hypV, VF_redC, VF_addC, VF_subC, VF_divC, VF_visC

VF_hypV | VD_hypV | VE_hypV
VFx_hypV | VDx_hypV | VEx_hypV
Function | Quotient of Xi over the sum of Xi and Yi
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_hypV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_hypV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::hypV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_hypV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_hypV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_hypV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single );
Description | normal versions: Zi = hyp( Xi, Yi ) = Xi / (Xi + Yi) expanded versions: Zi = hyp( A*Xi+B), Yi )
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_hypC, VF_redV, VF_addV, VF_subV, VF_divV, VF_visV

VF_hypotC | VD_hypotC | VE_hypotC
Function | Pythagoras "hypotenuse" function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_hypotC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::hypotC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_hypotC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = sqrt( Xi2 + C2 ) This is a variant of the famous Pythagorean theorem for the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL. Unlike the treatment of the ANSI C function hypot by several compilers, only an overflowing final result is regarded as an error. Intermediate overflows (by the calculation of the square) are avoided by appropriate scaling.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_hypotV, VF_redC, VF_visC, VCF_abs, hypot

VF_hypotV | VD_hypotV | VE_hypotV
VFx_hypotV | VDx_hypotV | VEx_hypotV
Function | Pythagoras "hypotenuse" function.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_hypotV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); int VFx_hypotV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::hypotV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); int vector<T>::x_hypotV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_hypotV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_hypotV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal version: Yi = sqrt( Xi2 + Yi2 ) expanded version: Yi = sqrt( (A*Xi+B)2 + Yi2 ) These are variants of the Pythagoras formula for the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL. (Intermediate overflows are avoided by appropriate scaling.)
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_redC, VF_visC, VCF_abs, hypot

VCF_imag | VCD_imag | VCE_imag
VPF_imag | VPD_imag | VPE_imag
Function | Extracts the imaginary part from a complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VCF_imag( fVector Im, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::imag( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_imag( Im:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Identical to the VF_CtoIm and VF_PtoIm families. See these functions for details.

VF_ImtoC | VD_ImtoC | VE_ImtoC
Function | Overwrites the imaginary part of a cartesian-complex vector with a real-valued vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_ImtoC( cfVector Y, fVector Im, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::ImtoC( const vector<T>& Im );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_ImtoC( X:cfVector; Im:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The imaginary part of the complex vector Y is overwritten with the elements of the real-valued vector Im. The real part of Y is not affected.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoReIm, VF_ReImtoC, VF_RetoC, VF_CtoIm, VF_PolartoC

VF_indpick | VD_indpick | VE_indpick
VCF_indpick | VCD_indpick | VCE_indpick
VPF_indpick | VPD_indpick | VPE_indpick
VI_indpick | VBI_indpick | VSI_indpick | VLI_indpick | VQI_indpick
VU_indpick | VUB_indpick | VUS_indpick | VUL_indpick | VUI_indpick
Function | Fill a vector with elements "picked" from another one according to their indices.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_indpick( fVector Y, uiVector Ind, ui size, fVector X );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::indpick( const vector<ui>& Ind, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_indpick( Y:fVector; Ind:uVector; size:UInt; X:fVector );
Description | Yi = X[ Indi ], i=0,..size-1 The vector Y is filled with size elements taken from X according to their indices specified in Ind. The parameter size refers to Y and Ind. The size of X is unimportant, as long as the elements specified in Ind exist.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_indput, VF_subvector, VF_sortind

VF_indput | VD_indput | VE_indput
VCF_indput | VCD_indput | VCE_indput
VPF_indput | VPD_indput | VPE_indput
VI_indput | VBI_indput | VSI_indput | VLI_indput | VQI_indput
VU_indput | VUB_indput | VUS_indput | VUL_indput | VUI_indput
Function | Distribute the elements of one vector to the places within another vector specified by their indices.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_indput( fVector Y, fVector X, uiVector Ind, ui sizex );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::indput( const vector<T>& X, const vector<ui>& Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_indput( Y, X:fVector; Ind:uVector; sizex:UInt );
Description | Y[ Indi ] = Xi, i=0,..sizex-1 The sizex elements of X are put into the places of Y according to the indices specified in Ind. The parameter sizex refers to X and Ind. The size of Y is unimportant, as long as the elements specified in Ind exist.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_indpick, VF_subvector, VF_sortind

V_initGraph
Function | Initializes Borland's graphics system and the plotting functions of the VectorLib library (DOS only).
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_initGraph( char *pathtodriver );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_initGraph( BGI_path:String );
Description | In DOS programs, this function is used to initialize Borland's graphics system by calling Borland's function initgraph and to initialize the VectorLib plotting functions (by internally calling V_initPlot). The search-path for graphics driver files has to be passed as a pointer to the string pathtodriver (see Borland's function initgraph for details). The function uses initgraph to automatically detect the graphics driver present. This automatic detection ensures that programs may run on different PC systems without changes in the source code. If, however, it causes problems or for other reasons is not desired, do not use V_initGraph (but first initgraph and then V_initPlot). The global variable V_gmode is set to the graphics mode with the highest resolution possible for the detected graphics driver. If initgraph has already been called, do not use V_initGraph, but call only V_initPlot. Normally, V_initGraph will be called at the beginning of a program that uses graphics; to switch back into text mode within the program, use restorecrtmode. The next call to one of the AutoPlot functions switches again into graphics mode. You may also do that yourself by using setgraphmode( V_gmode ); (to do this, the declaration external int V_gmode; has to appear in the module containing this call). At the end of the program, free the memory allocated for graphics operations and go back to the standard mode with closegraph. Windows programs do not use the BGI routines. Consequently, BGI initialization is available only under DOS, but not under Windows. V_initPlot has to be used in order to prepare the OptiVec plotting operations under Windows.
Error handling | In case of failure, grapherrormsg is called, the appropriate error message displayed and the program aborted.
Return value | none
See also | V_initPlot, V_setPlotRegion, VF_xyAutoPlot, VF_yAutoPlot, VF_xyDataPlot, VCF_autoPlot, initgraph, closegraph

V_initPlot
Function | Initialize the global variables used by the plotting functions
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> #ifdef _Windows void V_initPlot( HWND vwindow, HDC vdc ); #else void V_initPlot( int graphmode ); #endif
Pascal/Delphi | for Delphi: uses Vgraph; procedure V_initPlot( VPaintBox: TPaintBox ); for Borland Pascal: uses Vgraph; {$ifdef Windows} procedure V_initPlot( vwindow:HWND; vdc:HDC ); {$else} procedure V_initPlot( graphmode:Integer ); {$endif}
Description | DOS programs: If the graphics system has been initialized by a call to initgraph, V_initPlot is used to initialize the global constants necessary for the operation of the VectorLib plotting functions like VF_xyAutoPlot. If the graphics system is not yet initialized, use V_initGraph to initialize both the basic graphics system and the plotting functions; a call to V_initPlot is not necessary then. graphmode is the graphics mode set by initgraph. C/C++ and Pascal Windows programs: vwindow is the handle for a window and vdc the handle of a device context. As long as these handles remain valid, future plotting operations (like VF_xyAutoPlot) will be directed to the window specified by vwindow and use the fonts defined in the device context vdc. Be sure that vwindow and vdc are still valid when a plotting operation is performed; if in doubt, call V_initPlot again. The natural place to call V_initPlot is in the virtual element function Paint. Then, the handle of the actual window is made available as "HWindow" by OWL, and the device context is the same as passed as a parameter to Paint. Delphi programs: VPaintBox is the paint box into which you wish to get a VectorLib plot. All future VectorLib plotting operations are directed into this paint box, unless you call V_initPlot again, with a new paint box as parameter. all targets (DOS and Windows): V_initPlot reserves the rightmost about 2/3 of the screen for following plotting operations, leaving one line empty at the top of the screen and a few lines at the bottom. To override this, call V_setPlotRegion after V_initPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_initGraph, VF_xyAutoPlot, V_findAxes, V_drawAxes, V_setPlotRegion, V_initPrint

V_initPrint
Function | Initialize VectorLib plotting functions for use with a printer. Windows only!
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_initPrint( HDC printdc );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_initPrint( printdc: HDC );
Description | This function exists only for Windows. It tells the VectorLib plotting functions to send their output to the printer context specified as printdc. By default, one whole page is reserved for the printout. To change this, call V_setPlotRegion after V_initPrint. To switch back to screen output, call V_initPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_initPlot, V_setPlotRegion, VF_xyAutoPlot

VF_insert | VD_insert | VE_insert
VCF_insert | VCD_insert | VCE_insert
VPF_insert | VPD_insert | VPE_insert
VI_insert | VBI_insert | VSI_insert | VLI_insert | VQI_insert
VU_insert | VUB_insert | VUS_insert | VUL_insert | VUI_insert
Function | Insert an element into a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_insert( fVector X, ui size, ui pos, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::insert( ui pos, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_insert( X:fVector; size, pos:UInt; C:Single );
Description | This is one of the few functions where the input vector is changed itself (instead of being mapped onto an output vector). A new element is inserted at the position pos and has the value C. Elements before pos are unchanged, elements from pos on are shifted one position higher; the last element is lost. (If you wish to save the last element, choose size big enough to have a dummy element at the end of the vector; now it will be the dummy that gets lost.)
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_delete, VF_rotate

VF_integralC | VD_integralC | VE_integralC
Function | Integral of an array plotted over an equally-spaced abscissa.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_integralC( fVector X, ui size, float DeltaT );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::integralC( T DeltaT );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_integralC( X:fVector; size:UInt; DeltaT:Single ): Single;
Description | The vector X is assumed to be a function of a variable t; the t values themselves are equally spaced, so that only the spacing DeltaT is needed. The area under X, i.e. the integral of X over t from t0 to tsize-1 is calculated. If not only the value of the integral is of interest, but a point-by-point integration has to be performed, VF_runintegralC should be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | The value of the integral is returned.
See also | VF_integralV, VF_runintegralC, VF_derivC

VF_integralV | VD_integralV | VE_integralV
Function | Integral
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_integralV( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::integralV( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_integralV( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The vector Y is assumed to be a function of X; the integral of Y over X is calculated. If the elements of X are regularly spaced with a constant difference between them, the integral is obtained more efficiently by VF_integralC. If not only the value of the integral is of interest, but a point-by-point integration has to be performed, VF_runintegralV may be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | The value of the integral is returned.
See also | VF_integralC, VF_runintegralV, VF_derivV

VF_intfrac | VD_intfrac | VE_intfrac
Function | Split up the elements of a vector into their integer and fractional parts.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_intfrac( fVector IntPart, fVector FracPart, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::intfrac( vector<T> FracPart, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_intfrac( IntPart, FracPart, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool;
Description | The integer parts of the elements of X are stored in IntPart, the fractional parts in FracPart. Notice that IntPart is a floating-point vector, even though it contains integer numbers (which might be larger than could be stored in the integer data types).
Error handling | none
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_mantexp, modf (C/C++ only)

VF_inv | VD_inv | VE_inv
VFx_inv | VDx_inv | VEx_inv
VCF_inv | VCD_inv | VCE_inv
VCFx_inv | VCDx_inv | VCEx_inv
VPF_inv | VPD_inv | VPE_inv
Function | Inverse
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_inv( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_inv( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::inv( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_inv( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_inv( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_inv( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 1.0 / Xi expanded versions: Yi = 1.0 / (A*Xi+B)
Error handling | SING and OVERFLOW errors lead to a result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_divrC, VF_divrV

VF_ipow | VD_ipow | VE_ipow
VFx_ipow | VDx_ipow | VEx_ipow
VFu_ipow | VDu_ipow | VEu_ipow
VFux_ipow | VDux_ipow | VEux_ipow
VCF_ipow | VCD_ipow | VCE_ipow
VCFx_ipow | VCDx_ipow | VCEx_ipow
VCFu_ipow | VCDu_ipow | VCEu_ipow
VCFux_ipow | VCDux_ipow | VCEux_ipow
VPF_ipow | VPD_ipow | VPE_ipow
VPFu_ipow | VPDu_ipow | VPEu_ipow
Function | Raise each element of a vector to a specified integer power.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ipow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo ); int VFx_ipow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo, float A, float B, float C ); int VFu_ipow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo ); int VFux_ipow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ipow( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_ipow( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<T>::u_ipow( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::ux_ipow( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ipow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; ipow:Integer ): IntBool; function VFx_ipow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; ipow:Integer; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VFu_ipow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; ipow:Integer ): IntBool; function VFux_ipow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; ipow:Integer; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = XiExpo expanded versions: Yi = C * (A*Xi+B)Expo If Expo is larger than a data-type dependent threshold (which will be a very rare occasion), VF_ipow does not calculate the result itself, but calls VF_pow, which is safer and faster in this case. The "unprotected" versions (prefix VFu_ and VFux_) do not perform any error handling and do not redirect calls to VF_pow. These simplifications make them very fast, but also risky; they should be used very carefully.
Error handling | SING errors occur, if zero is raised to a negative power; the default result is ±HUGE_VAL, as in the case of OVERFLOW errors.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow, VF_poly, VF_pow2, VF_exp, pow

VF_ipow10 | VD_ipow10 | VE_ipow10
Function | Integer powers of 10
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ipow10( fVector Y, iVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ipow10( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ipow10( Y:fVector; X:iVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = 10Xi Notice: this function (and not VF_pow10 !) is the vectorized form of the function pow10 defined in Borland C/C++.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow10, VF_scale10, VF_log10, VF_ipow, VF_exp, pow

VF_ipow2 | VD_ipow2 | VE_ipow2
Function | Integer powers of 2
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ipow2( fVector Y, iVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ipow2( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ipow2( Y:fVector; X:iVector; size:UInt ):
Description | Yi = 2Xi
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow2, VF_scale2, VF_log2, VF_pow, VF_exp, pow

VF_iselementC | VD_iselementC | VE_iselementC
VCF_iselementC | VCD_iselementC | VCE_iselementC
VPF_iselementC | VPD_iselementC | VPE_iselementC
VI_iselementC | VBI_iselementC | VSI_iselementC | VLI_iselementC | VQI_iselementC
VU_iselementC | VUB_iselementC | VUS_iselementC | VUL_iselementC | VUI_iselementC
Function | Test if one or more elements of a table are equal to C.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> int VF_iselementC( fVector Tab, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::iselementC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_iselementC( Tab:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | The vector Tab is searched for the value C. If one or more elements are equal to C, TRUE (+1) is returned, otherwise FALSE (0). No ordering of Tab is assumed and a linear search performed. A related function that finds the table element closest (but not necessarily equal) to C is VF_searchC.
Error handling | none
Return value | TRUE (+1), if C is an element of X, otherwise FALSE (0).
See also | VF_searchC, VF_iselementV, lfind, lsearch

VF_iselementV | VD_iselementV | VE_iselementV
VCF_iselementV | VCD_iselementV | VCE_iselementV
VPF_iselementV | VPD_iselementV | VPE_iselementV
VI_iselementV | VBI_iselementV | VSI_iselementV | VLI_iselementV | VQI_iselementV
VU_iselementV | VUB_iselementV | VUS_iselementV | VUL_iselementV | VUI_iselementV
Function | Test for each element of a vector, if an identical element is present in a table.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> ui VF_iselementV( fVector Y, fVector X, ui sizex, fVector Tab, ui sizetab );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<T>::iselementV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Tab );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_iselementV( Y, X:fVector; sizex:UInt; Tab:fVector; sizetab:UInt ):UInt;
Description | The table Tab is searched for each of the elements of X. For those elements of X which are found in Tab, the corresponding element of Y is set to +1 (in the complex versions: {1, 0} ). No ordering of X and Tab is assumed and a linear search for each Xi performed. A related function that finds the table element closest (but not necessarily equal) to each element of X is VF_searchV.
Error handling | none
Return value | The number of elements of X for which an element of Tab was found is returned.
See also | VF_searchV, VF_iselementC

VF_ismonoton | VD_ismonoton | VE_ismonoton
Function | Test if the elements of a vector are monotonously increasing or decreasing
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> int VF_ismonoton( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ismonoton( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_ismonoton( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Integer;
Description | The vector X is analyzed. If the elements are in strict descending order, -1 is returned; if they are either constant or in strict ascending order, +1 is returned. Otherwise the return value is 0. If X contains passages that are increasing as well as passages that remain at a constant value, X is regarded as monotonous only if the increasing passage follows the constant passage, but not the other way round. Thus, the series 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3 will be accepted as monotonous (return value +1), whereas the series 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4 will not (return value 0). Also the initially constant, then falling series 0, 0, 0, -1, -2, -3 will not be regarded as monotonous.
Error handling | none
Return value | +1 in case of monotonous rise, or if all elements are identical, -1 in case of monotonously falling values, 0 if neither of these conditions is fulfilled.
See also | VF_sort

V_ItoF | V_ItoD | V_ItoE
V_BItoF | V_BItoD | V_BItoE
V_SItoF | V_SItoD | V_SItoE
V_LItoF | V_LItoD | V_LItoE
V_QItoF | V_QItoD | V_QItoE
V_UtoF | V_UtoD | V_UtoE
V_UBtoF | V_UBtoD | V_UBtoE
V_UStoF | V_UStoD | V_UStoE
V_ULtoF | V_ULtoD | V_ULtoE
V_UItoF | V_UItoD | V_UItoE
Function | Convert integer numbers into floating-point data types.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> (always the include-file belonging to the destination type!) void V_ItoF( fVector Y, iVector X, ui size ); (all other functions of this family are similar)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<float>::ItoF( const vector<int>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; (always the unit belonging to the destination type!) procedure V_ItoF( Y:fVector; X:iVector; size:UInt ); (all other functions of this family are similar)
Description | Each element of X is converted from the data type int, byte, short int, long int, quad, unsigned, unsigned byte, unsigned short, unsigned long, or ui, resp., into the data type float, double, or extended, resp., and stored in Y. For the inverse procedure, i.e. the conversion of floating-point numbers to integers, the functions of the VF_roundtoI, VF_floortoI, VF_ceiltoI, and VF_choptoI families have to be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_roundtoI, VF_floortoI, VF_ceiltoI, VF_choptoI, VF_trunctoI, V_ItoLI

V_ItoBI | V_ItoSI | V_ItoLI | V_ItoQI
V_BItoI | V_BItoSI | V_BItoLI | V_BItoQI
V_SItoI | V_SItoBI | V_SItoLI | V_SItoQI
V_LItoI | V_LItoBI | V_LItoSI | V_LItoQI
V_QItoI | V_QItoBI | V_QItoSI | V_QItoLI
V_UtoUB | V_UtoUS | V_UtoUL | V_UtoUI
V_UBtoU | V_UBtoUS | V_UBtoUL | V_UBtoUI
V_UStoU | V_UStoUB | V_UStoUL | V_UStoUI
V_ULtoU | V_ULtoUB | V_ULtoUS | V_ULtoUI
V_UItoU | V_UItoUB | V_UItoUS | V_UItoUL
V_ItoU | V_BItoUB | V_SItoUS | V_LItoUL
V_UtoI | V_UBtoBI | V_UStoSI | V_ULtoLI
Function | Interconversion of the integer data types
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VLIstd.h> (or <VIstd.h>, <VUstd.h>,..., resp., depending on the destination data type!) void V_ItoLI( liVector Y, iVector X, ui size ); (all other functions of this family are similar)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<long>::ItoLI( const vector<long>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VLIstd; (always the unit belonging to the destination type!) procedure V_ItoLI( Y:liVector; X:iVector; size:UInt ); (all other functions of this family are similar)
Description | Each element of the vector X is converted into the desired data type and stored in Y.
Error handling | see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | V_ItoF

VF_Kepler | VD_Kepler | VE_Kepler
VFx_Kepler | VDx_Kepler | VEx_Kepler
Function | Angular position of a planet according to Kepler's Second Law
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_Kepler( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float T, float e ); int VFx_Kepler( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float T, float e, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::Kepler( const vector<T>& X, T t, T e ); int vector<T>::x_Kepler( const vector<T>& X, T t, T e, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | #include <VFmath.h> function VF_Kepler( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; T, e:Single ): IntBool; function VFx_Kepler( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; T, e, A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = Kepler( Xi/T, e ); expanded versions: Yi = Kepler( (A*Xi+B)/T, e ); The time-dependent angular position of a planet is calculated from its round-trip time T and its eccentricity e. T must be non-zero; e may take on values 0 <= e <= 1. While there is no analytic solution to this problem, described by Johannes Kepler's Second Law, an efficient iterative algorithm is known and is used here. This algorithm is fast and stable up to the hyperbolic limit, e = 1.0. Rather than treating the problem in terms of the reduced time m = t/T (like it is done in Astronomy textbooks), VF_Kepler expects the real times in X and divides them internally by T. As there may hardly be any occasions when one might wish to scale the obtained angular position by a constant, no multiplication by C is included in the VFx_ version which, consequently, has only A and B as additional arguments (unlike most of the other "expanded versions" of VectorLib math functions). This function may not be called while the FPU is set to reduced accuracy, or else it might hang in an infinite loop. See V_setFPAccuracy.
Error handling | e negative or e greater than 1.0 leads to an "Invalid parameter(s)" error. T = 0 leads to all Yi = 0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)

VF_Langevin | VD_Langevin | VE_Langevin
VFx_Langevin | VDx_Langevin | VEx_Langevin
Function | Langevin function of dielectric relaxation
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_Langevin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_Langevin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::Langevin( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_Langevin( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | #include <VFmath.h> function VF_Langevin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_Langevin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = cot( Xi ) - 1/Xi; expanded versions: x = A * Xi + B; Yi = C * (cot(x) - 1/x); The Langevin function has an S-shaped graph and describes, e.g., dielectric relaxation phenomena.
Error handling | This function should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0).

VF_ldexp | VD_ldexp | VE_ldexp
Function | Scale by an integer power of 2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ldexp( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int expo );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ldexp( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | These functions are absent. Use VF_scale2 etc.
Description | These functions are implemented as alias names for VF_scale2 etc., in order to maintain consistency with the ANSI C function name ldexp. For details, see VF_scale2.

VF_limit | VD_limit | VE_limit
VCF_limit | VCD_limit | VCE_limit
Function | Limit the values of the elements of a vector to a specified range.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_limit( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Min, float Max ); void VCF_limit( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex Min, fComplex Max );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::limit( const vector<T>& X, T Min, T Max ); void vector<complex<T>>::limit( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> Min, complex<T> Max );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_limit( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Min, Max:Single ); procedure VCF_limit( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; Min, Max:fComplex );
Description | Real version: Yi = Xi , if Min <= Xi <= Max Yi = Max, if Xi > Max Yi = Min, if Xi < Min This function may be seen as a combination of VF_maxC and VF_minC. Complex version: Similar to the real version, but the real and imaginary parts are limited separately to the ranges specified in the respective parts of Min and Max.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_maxC, VF_minC, VF_min, VF_flush0

VF_lincomb | VD_lincomb | VE_lincomb
VCF_lincomb | VCD_lincomb | VCE_lincomb
Function | linear combination of two vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_lincomb( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float CX, float CY );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::lincomb( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& CX, const T& CY );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_lincomb( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; CX, CY:Single );
Description | Zi = CX * Xi + CY * Yi
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VFx_addV, VF_rotateCoordinates

VF_linregress | VD_linregress | VE_linregress
Function | Linear regression
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_linregress( fVector Param, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::linregress( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_linregress( Param, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The X-Y data are fitted to a straight line y = ax + b; the parameters a and b are determined in such a way that the quantity h2 = sum( (Yi - y(x=Xi) )2 ) is minimized. Uncertainties da and db are also determined. On output, Param is filled with the 5 elements {a, da, b, db, h2} in the order indicated.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_linregresswW, VF_corrcoeff, VF_chi2, VF_linfit, VF_nonlinfit

VF_linregresswW | VD_linregresswW | VE_linregresswW
Function | Linear regression with weights
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_linregresswW( fVector Param, fVector X, fVector Y, fVector InvVar, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::linregresswW( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const vector<T>& InvVar );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_linregresswW( Param, X, Y, InvVar:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The X-Y data are weighted with the inverse of their variances and fitted to a straight line y = ax + b; the parameters a and b are determined in such a way as to minimize the merit function c2 = sum( (1 / Vari) * (Yi - y(x=Xi) )2 ) (see also VF_chi2). The inverse of the variance of each data point has to be passed to the function in the vector InvVar. Uncertainties da and db are also determined. On output, Param is filled with the 5 elements {a, da, b, db, c2} in the order indicated.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_linregress, VF_corrcoeff, VF_chi2

V_LItoF | V_LItoD | V_LItoE
Function | Data type interconversions. See V_ItoF!

VF_ln | VD_ln | VE_ln
VCF_ln | VCD_ln | VCE_ln
VFx_ln | VDx_ln | VEx_ln
VCFx_ln | VCDx_ln | VCEx_ln
VPF_lntoC | VPD_lntoC | VPE_lntoC
Function | Natural logarithm
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ln( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_ln( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VPF_lntoC( cfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ln( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_ln( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<complex<T>>::lntoC( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ln( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_ln( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VPF_lntoC( Y:cfVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | These function names are synonyms for the functions of the VF_log family. See VF_log for details.

VF_localmaxima | VD_localmaxima | VE_localmaxima
Function | Find the indices of local maxima
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> ui VF_localmaxima( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<ui>::localmaxima( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_localmaxima( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt;
Description | The indices of local maxima in X are stored in Ind and the number of local maxima is returned (this is the number of elements of Ind). A local maximum is defined as one element of X that is greater than both its neighbours to the right and to the left. That means that the zero'th and the last element of X (which have only one neighbour) cannot be local maxima. Also, if two adjacent elements are equal, none of them can be a local maximum.
Error handling | none
Return value | number of local maxima found
See also | VF_maxind, VF_max, VF_indpick, VF_localminima

VF_localminima | VD_localminima | VE_localminima
Function | Find the indices of local minima
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> ui VF_localminima( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<ui>::localminima( const vector<T>& Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_localminima( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):UInt;
Description | The indices of local minima in X are stored in Ind and the number of local minima is returned (this is the number of elements of Ind). A local minimum is defined as one element of X that is smaller than both its neighbours to the right and to the left. That means that the zero'th and the last element of X (which have only one neighbour) cannot be local minima. Also, if two adjacent elements are equal, none of them can be a local minimum.
Error handling | none
Return value | number of local minima found
See also | VF_minind, VF_min, VF_indpick, VF_localmaxima

VF_log | VD_log | VE_log
VCF_log | VCD_log | VCE_log
VFx_log | VDx_log | VEx_log
VCFx_log | VCDx_log | VCEx_log
VPF_logtoC | VPD_logtoC | VPE_logtoC
Function | Natural logarithm
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_log( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_log( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VPF_logtoC( cfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::log( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_log( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<complex<T>>::logtoC( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_log( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_log( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VPF_logtoC( Y:cfVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = ln( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * ln( A*Xi+B ) The "logarithmus naturalis", i.e. the logarithm to the basis of Euler's constant e is calculated. The logarithm of polar complex numbers is most naturally stored in cartesian format, as log{Mag@Arg} = {Mag,Arg}. Therefore, the VPF_ version exists only with the result in a cfVector.
Error handling | Real versions: DOMAIN errors occur in the case of negative Xi (including -0.0), with NAN ("not-a-number") as the default result. SING errors occur for Xi= +0.0 and yield a result of -HUGE_VAL. In the complex version, numbers with an imaginary part of zero are always treated as real numbers; therefore, an argument {0, 0} is treated as a real 0, causing a SING error with the default result {-HUGE_VAL, 0}.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_exp, VF_log2, VF_log10, VF_pow, log

VF_log10 | VD_log10 | VE_log10
VCF_log10 | VCD_log10 | VCE_log10
VFx_log10 | VDx_log10 | VEx_log10
VCFx_log10 | VCDx_log10 | VCEx_log10
VPF_log10toC | VPD_log10toC | VPE_log10toC
Function | Decadic logarithm
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_log10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_log10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VPF_log10toC( cfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::log10( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_log10( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<complex<T>>::log10toC( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_log10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_log10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VPF_log10toC( Y:cfVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = lg( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * lg( A*Xi+B ) The decadic logarithm (to the basis of 10) is calculated.
Error handling | Real versions: DOMAIN errors occur in the case of negative Xi (including -0.0), with NAN ("not-a-number") as the default result. SING errors occur for Xi= +0.0 and yield a result of -HUGE_VAL. In the complex version, numbers with an imaginary part of zero are always treated as real numbers; therefore, an argument {0, 0} is treated as a real 0, causing a SING error with the default result {-HUGE_VAL, 0}.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow10, VF_log, VF_log2, VF_pow, log10 (the latter function is defined in ANSI C; for Pascal, it is available in the unit XMATH coming with OptiVec).

VF_log2 | VD_log2 | VE_log2
VCF_log2 | VCD_log2 | VCE_log2
VFx_log2 | VDx_log2 | VEx_log2
VCFx_log2 | VCDx_log2 | VCEx_log2
VPF_log2toC | VPD_log2toC | VPE_log2toC
Function | Binary logarithm
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_log2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_log2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VPF_log2toC( cfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::log2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_log2( const vector<polar<T>>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<complex<T>>::log2toC( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_log2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_log2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VPF_log2toC( Y:cfVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = lb( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * lb( A*Xi+B ) The binary logarithm (to the basis 2) is calculated.
Error handling | Real versions: DOMAIN errors occur in the case of negative Xi (including -0.0), with NAN ("not-a-number") as the default result. SING errors occur for Xi= +0.0 and yield a result of -HUGE_VAL. In the complex version, numbers with an imaginary part of zero are always treated as real numbers; therefore, an argument {0, 0} is treated as a real 0, causing a SING error with the default result {-HUGE_VAL, 0}.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow2, VF_log, VF_log10, VF_pow, log2 (the latter function is neither defined in ANSI C nor in Pascal/Delphi, but an addition contained in <xmath.h> or in the unit XMATH).

VF_Lorentz | VD_Lorentz | VE_Lorentz
Function | Lorentzian lineshape function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_Lorentz( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Wid, float Cent, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::Lorentz( const vector<T>& X, T Wid, const T& Cent, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_Lorentz( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Wid, Cent, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = C * Wid2 / ( (Xi - Cent)2 + Wid2 ) Wid = width of the resonance line Cent = centre of the line C is a scaling factor; at the center of the line (Xi=Cent), the amplitude Yi equals C. This is even true for a width of zero.
Error handling | This function should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_Gauss, VF_sech2

VF_MagArgtoP | VD_MagArgtoP | VE_MagArgtoP
Function | Construct a polar complex vector from separate vectors for magnitude and argument
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_MagArgtoP( pfVector Y, fVector Mag, fVector Arg, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::MagArgtoP( const vector<T>& Mag, const vector<T>& Arg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_MagArgtoP( X:pfVector; Mag, Arg:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar complex vector Y is constructed from the two real vectors Mag and Arg.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoMagArg, VF_ReImtoC, VF_MagtoP, VF_ArgtoP

VF_MagArgtoPrincipal | VD_MagArgtoPrincipal | VE_MagArgtoPrincipal
Function | Construct a polar complex vector from separate vectors for magnitude and argument, reducing to the principal value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_MagArgtoPrincipal( pfVector Y, fVector Mag, fVector Arg, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::MagArgtoPrincipal( const vector<T>& Mag, const vector<T>& Arg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_MagArgtoPrincipal( X:pfVector; Mag, Arg:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar complex vector Y is constructed from the two real vectors Mag and Arg. The arguments are reduced to the principal value, -p < Arg <= +p
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VPF_principal, VF_MagArgtoP

VF_MagtoP | VD_MagtoP | VE_MagtoP
Function | Overwrite the Mag part of a polar complex vector with a real vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_MagtoP( pfVector Y, fVector Mag, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::MagtoP( const vector<T>& Mag );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_MagtoP( X:pfVector; Mag:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The Mag part of the polar complex vector Y is overwritten with the elements of the real-valued vector Mag. The Arg part of Y is not affected.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoMagArg, VF_MagArgtoP, VF_ArgtoP

VF_mantexp | VD_mantexp | VE_mantexp
Function | Split up the elements of a vector into their mantissa and exponent parts
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_mantexp( fVector MantPart, iVector ExpPart, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::mantexp( vector<int> ExpPart, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_mantexp( MantPart:fVector; ExpPart:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | The elements of X are split up into their mantissa, stored in MantPart, and exponent, stored as ints in ExpPart.
Error handling | none
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_scale2, VF_intfrac, frexp (only C/C++), ldexp (only C/C++)

VF_max | VD_max | VE_max
VI_max | VBI_max | VSI_max | VLI_max | VQI_max
VU_max | VUB_max | VUS_max | VUL_max | VUI_max
Function | Find the largest element of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_max( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::_max();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_max( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The vector X is searched for its largest element, whose value is returned. In order to avoid confusion with the macro "max" in C/C++, the VecObj version of this function is written with a leading underbar as "_max".
Error handling | none
Return value | maximum value encountered.
See also | VF_min, VF_absmax, VF_maxexp, VF_runmax, VF_maxind

VF_maxC | VD_maxC | VE_maxC
VI_maxC | VBI_maxC | VSI_maxC | VLI_maxC | VQI_maxC
VU_maxC | VUB_maxC | VUS_maxC | VUL_maxC | VUI_maxC
Function | Compare each element of a vector to a constant and take the larger of the two.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_maxC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::maxC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_maxC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = Xi, if Xi > C Yi = C, if Xi <= C
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_maxV, VF_minC, VF_max, VF_absmax, VF_limit, VF_flush0

VF_maxexp | VD_maxexp | VE_maxexp
Function | Largest exponent within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> int VF_maxexp( fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::maxexp();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_maxexp( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Integer; (similarly VD_, VE_)
Description | Considering that each number can be represented as a product, mantissa * 2exponent, where 1.0 <= mantissa < 2.0, the largest exponent occurring in a vector is returned. If the vector consisted of nothing but zeros, the exponent is returned as -231 (32-bit models) or -215 (16-bit models).
Error handling | none
Return value | maximum exponent encountered.
See also | VF_minexp, VF_max, VF_absmax, VF_runmax, VF_absmaxind

VF_maxind | VD_maxind | VE_maxind
VI_maxind | VBI_maxind | VSI_maxind | VLI_maxind | VQI_maxind
VU_maxind | VUB_maxind | VUS_maxind | VUL_maxind | VUI_maxind
Function | Find the largest element of a vector and its index.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_maxind( ui *Ind, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::maxind( ui *Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_maxind( var Ind:UInt; X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The vector X is searched for its largest element; its value is returned. At the address passed as Ind, the index of this element is stored.In the case of several maxima of equal height, the first one is chosen (i.e., the smallest index is stored in Ind).
Error handling | none
Return value | maximum value encountered.
See also | VF_max, VF_minind, VF_absmax, VF_runmax

VCF_maxReIm | VCD_maxReIm | VCE_maxReIm
Function | Find the largest real and imaginary parts occurring in a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> fComplex VCF_maxReIm( cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> complex<T> vector<complex<T>>::maxReIm();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_maxReIm( var Max:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The vector X is separately searched for its largest real and imaginary parts. These are packed together and either returned as an fComplex (in C/C++) or stored in Max (in Pascal/Delphi): Max.Re: largest real part encountered, Max.Im: largest imaginary part encountered.
Error handling | none
Return value | C/C++: struct or class instance of type fComplex (dComplex, eComplex, resp.), in which the maxima of the real and imaginary parts of X are packed together. Pascal/Delphi: since Pascal does not allow complex return values, the result is stored in the variable Max.
See also | VCF_minReIm, VCF_absmaxReIm, VCF_absmax, VCF_absmaxind

VF_maxV | VD_maxV | VE_maxV
VI_maxV | VBI_maxV | VSI_maxV | VLI_maxV | VQI_maxV
VU_maxV | VUB_maxV | VUS_maxV | VUL_maxV | VUI_maxV
Function | Compare each element of a vector to the corresponding element of another vector and take the larger of the two.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_maxV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::maxV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_maxV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Zi = Xi, if Xi > Yi Zi = Yi, if Xi <= Yi
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_minV, VF_maxC, VF_max, VF_absmax

VF_mean | VD_mean | VE_mean
VCF_mean | VCD_mean | VCE_mean
VI_mean | VBI_mean | VSI_mean | VLI_mean | VQI_mean
VU_mean | VUB_mean | VUS_mean | VUL_mean | VUI_mean
Function | Mean of a one-dimensional distribution
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_mean( fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_, VCF_, VCD_, VCE_) double VI_mean( iVector X, ui size ); (similarly VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, VU_, VUB_, VUS_, VUL_, VUI_) extended VQI_mean( qiVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::mean(); double vector<int>::mean(); extended vector<quad>::mean();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_mean( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) procedure VCF_mean( var Mean:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_) function VI_mean( X:iVector; size:UInt ); Double; (similarly VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, VU_, VUB_, VUS_, VUL_) function VQI_mean( X:qiVector; size:UInt ); Extended;
Description | mean = (1 / size) * sum( Xi ) Integer versions: the mean of a distribution consisting of whole numbers generally is a fractional, i.e. a floating-point number. Therefore, the return value of the 8, 16, and 32-bit integer versions is a double. For the 64-bit integer version, VQI_mean, the return value is an extended.
Error handling | none
Return value | Mean of the vector elements (except complex versions in Pascal/Delphi)
See also | VF_meanwW, VF_median, VF_meanvar, VI_fsum, VF_varianceC, VF_linregress

VF_meanabs | VD_meanabs | VE_meanabs
Function | Mean of the absolute values of a one-dimensional distribution
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_meanabs( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::meanabs();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_meanabs( X:fVector; size: UInt ): Single;
Description | meanabs = (1 / size) * sum(| Xi |)
Error handling | none
Return value | Mean of the absolute values of all vector elements
See also | VF_mean, VF_sumabs

VF_meanvar | VD_meanvar | VE_meanvar
Function | Mean and variance of a one-dimensional distribution
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_meanvar( float *Var, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::meanvar( T *Var );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_meanvar( var Variance:Single; X:fVector; size: UInt ): Single;
Description | mean = (1 / size) * sum( Xi ) var = (1 / (size-1)) * sum( (Xi - mean)2 ) Note that the denominator in the definition of var is size-1, whereas, in the routine VF_varianceC, it is simply size.The reason for that difference is that here the mean is calculated first and then the variance is determined using this value, whereas in VF_varianceC, the parameter C is pre-set. The mean is returned and the variance stored at the address passed as "Var" (C/C++), or in the variable "variance" (Pascal/Delphi).
Error handling | none
Return value | mean of the vector elements.
See also | VF_mean, VF_varianceC, VF_varianceV, VF_sum, VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_linregress

VF_meanvarwW | VD_meanvarwW | VE_meanvarwW
Function | Mean and variance with weights
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> float VF_meanvarwW( float *Var, fVector X, fVector Wt, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::meanvarwW( T *Var, const vector<T>& Wt );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_meanvarwW( var variance:Single; X, Wt:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | mean = (1 / sum( Wti )) * sum( Xi * Wti ) var = (1 / sum( Wti )) * sum( Wti * (Xi - mean)2 ) The weighted mean is returned and the variance stored at the address passed as "Var" (C/C++) or in the variable "variance" (Pascal/Delphi).
Error handling | none
Return value | mean of the vector elements.
See also | VF_meanwW, VF_varianceCwW, VF_varianceVwW, VF_linregress

VF_meanwW | VD_meanwW | VE_meanwW
VCF_meanwW | VCD_meanwW | VCE_meanwW
Function | Mean with weights
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_meanwW( fVector X, fVector Wt, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_) fComplex VCF_meanwW( cfVector X, fVector Wt, ui size ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::meanwW( const vector<T>& Wt ); fComplex vector<complex<T>>::meanwW( const vector<T>& Wt );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_meanwW( X, Wt:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; (similarly VD_, VE_) procedure VCF_meanwW( var Mean:fComplex; X:cfVector; Wt:fVector; size:UInt ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_)
Description | meanwW = (1 / sum( Wti )) * sum( Xi * Wti ) Notice that, also in the complex version, the weights are always real rather than complex.
Error handling | none
Return value | weighted mean of the vector elements (except complex versions in Pascal/Delphi).
See also | VF_mean, VF_sum, VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_median, VF_meanvarwW, VF_linregresswW

VF_median | VD_median | VE_median
Function | Median of a one-dimensional distribution
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> float VF_median( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::median();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_median( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The median of a distribution is defined as the value for which values above and below are equally probable, i.e., for which the number of elements greater and less than the median is equal. If the table X is ordered, the median is simply the element with the index (size+1)/2 (if size is odd) or the mean of the two central elements (if size is even). If a table is not ordered, VF_median finds its median by repeatedly scanning the table through, without actually sorting it.
Error handling | none
Return value | The median is returned.
See also | VF_mean, VF_meanwW, VF_sum

VF_min | VD_min | VE_min
VI_min | VBI_min | VSI_min | VLI_min | VQI_min
VU_min | VUB_min | VUS_min | VUL_min | VUI_min
Function | Finds the smallest (or the most negative) element of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_min( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::_min();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_min( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The vector X is searched for its smallest (or most negative) element. In order to avoid confusion with the macro "min" in C/C++, the VecObj version of this function is written with a leading underbar as "_min".
Error handling | none
Return value | Minimum value encountered.
See also | VF_absmin, VF_minexp, VF_runmin, VF_minind

VF_minC | VD_minC | VE_minC
VI_minC | VBI_minC | VSI_minC | VLI_minC | VQI_minC
VU_minC | VUB_minC | VUS_minC | VUL_minC | VUI_minC
Function | Compare each element of a vector to a constant and take the smaller of the two.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_minC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::minC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_minC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = Xi, if Xi <= C Yi = C, if Xi > C
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_minV, VF_maxC, VF_min, VF_absmin, VF_limit, VF_flush0

VF_minexp | VD_minexp | VE_minexp
Function | Smallest exponent within one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> int VF_minexp( fVector X, ui size ); (similarly VD_, VE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::minexp();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_minexp( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Integer; (similarly VD_, VE_)
Description | Considering that each number can be represented as a product, mantissa * 2exponent, where 1.0 <= mantissa < 2.0, the smallest or most negative exponent occurring in a vector is returned. If the absolutely smallest number was zero, the exponent is returned as -231 (32-bit models) or -215 (16-bit models).
Error handling | none
Return value | minimum exponent encountered.
See also | VF_maxexp, VF_min, VF_absmin, VF_runmin, VF_absminind

VF_minind | VD_minind | VE_minind
VI_minind | VBI_minind | VSI_minind | VLI_minind | VQI_minind
VU_minind | VUB_minind | VUS_minind | VUL_minind | VUI_minind
Function | Find the smallest (or the most negative) element of a vector and its index.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_minind( ui *Ind, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::minind( ui *Ind );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_minind( var Ind:UInt; X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | The vector X is searched for its smallest (or most negative) element; its value is returned. At the address passed as Ind, the index of this element is stored. In the case of several mimima of equal depth, the first one is chosen (i.e., the smallest of their indices is stored in Ind).
Error handling | none
Return value | minimum value encountered.
See also | VF_min, VF_maxind, VF_absmin, VF_runmin

VCF_minReIm | VCD_minReIm | VCE_minReIm
Function | Find the smallest (or most negative) real and imaginary parts occurring in a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_minReIm( cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> complex<T> vector<complex<T>>::minReIm();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_minReIm( var Min:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The vector X is separately searched for its smallest real and imaginary parts. These are packed together and either returned as an fComplex (in C/C++) or stored in Min (in Pascal/Delphi): Min.Re: smallest real part encountered, Min.Im: smallest imaginary part encountered.
Error handling | none
Return value | C/C++: struct or class instance of type fComplex (dComplex, eComplex, resp.), in which the minima of the real and imaginary parts of X are packed together. Pascal/Delphi: since Pascal does not allow complex return values, the result is stored in the variable Min.
See also | VCF_maxReIm, VCF_absminReIm, VCF_absmin, VCF_absminind

VF_minV | VD_minV | VE_minV
VI_minV | VBI_minV | VSI_minV | VLI_minV | VQI_minV
VU_minV | VUB_minV | VUS_minV | VUL_minV | VUI_minV
Function | Compare each element of a vector to the corresponding element of another vector and take the smaller of the two.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_minV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::minV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_minV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Zi = Xi, if Xi <= Yi Zi = Yi, if Xi > Yi
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_maxV, VF_minC, VF_min, VF_absmin

VF_modC | VD_modC | VE_modC
VI_modC | VBI_modC | VSI_modC | VLI_modC | VQI_modC
VU_modC | VUB_modC | VUS_modC | VUL_modC | VUI_modC
Function | Modulus, i.e. the remainder of a division by a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_modC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::modC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_modC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = Xi mod C Floating-point versions: a constant C = 0.0 leads to all Yi being 0.0, independently of the Xi values (as in the ANSI C math function fmod ). Integer versions: a constant C = 0 leads to a ZERODIVIDE error (as in the intrinsic "%" operation of ANSI C).
Error handling | none
Return value | none (also the floating-point versions are treated as basic arithmetic rather than mathematical functions, despite their relation to the math function fmod).
See also | VF_modV, VF_addC, VF_mulC, VF_divC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_modf | VD_modf | VE_modf
Function | Split up into integer and fractional parts.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_modf( fVector IntPart, fVector FracPart, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::modf( vector<T> FracPart, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | These functions are absent. Use VF_intfrac etc.
Description | These functions are implemented as alias names for VF_intfrac etc., in order to maintain consistency with the ANSI C function name modf. For details, see VF_intfrac.

VF_modV | VD_modV | VE_modV
VFx_modV | VDx_modV | VEx_modV
VI_modV | VBI_modV | VSI_modV | VLI_modV | VQI_modV
VU_modV | VUB_modV | VUS_modV | VUL_modV | VUI_modV
Function | Modulus, i.e. the remainder of a division of corresponding vector elements
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_modV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_modV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::modV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_modV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_modV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_modV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Xi mod Yi expanded versions: Zi = (A * Xi + B) mod Yi Floating-point versions: an argument Xi = 0.0 leads to Zi being 0.0, independently of Yi (as in the ANSI C math function fmod). Integer versions: an argument Xi = 0 leads to a ZERODIVIDE error (as in the intrinsic "%" operation of ANSI C).
Error handling | none
Return value | none (also the floating-point versions are treated as basic arithmetic rather than mathematical functions, despite their relation to the math function fmod).
See also | VF_modC, VF_addV, VF_mulV, VF_divV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_mulC | VD_mulC | VE_mulC
VCF_mulC | VCD_mulC | VCE_mulC
VCF_mulReC | VCD_mulReC | VCE_mulReC
VPF_mulC | VPD_mulC | VPE_mulC
VPF_mulReC | VPD_mulReC | VPE_mulReC
VI_mulC | VBI_mulC | VSI_mulC | VLI_mulC | VQI_mulC
VU_mulC | VUB_mulC | VUS_mulC | VUL_mulC | VUI_mulC
Function | Multiply all vector elements by a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_mulC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); (similarly VD_, VE_, VI_, etc.) void VCF_mulC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCF_mulReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe ); (similarly VCD_, VCE_, VPF_, VPD_, VPE_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::mulC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<complex<T>>::mulC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::mulReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_mulC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VCF_mulC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_mulReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single );
Description | Yi = C * Xi The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe by which the complex vector is multiplied.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_mulV, VF_addC, VF_divC, VF_divrC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_mulV | VD_mulV | VE_mulV
VCF_mulV | VCD_mulV | VCE_mulV
VCF_mulReV | VCD_mulReV | VCE_mulReV
VCF_mulVconj | VCD_mulVconj | VCE_mulVconj
VFs_mulV | VDs_mulV | VEs_mulV
VFx_mulV | VDx_mulV | VEx_mulV
VCFx_mulV | VCDx_mulV | VCEx_mulV
VCFx_mulReV | VCDx_mulReV | VCEx_mulReV
VCFx_mulVconj | VCDx_mulVconj | VCEx_mulVconj
VPF_mulV | VPD_mulV | VPE_mulV
VPF_mulReV | VPD_mulReV | VPE_mulReV
VI_mulV | VBI_mulV | VSI_mulV | VLI_mulV | VQI_mulV
VU_mulV | VUB_mulV | VUS_mulV | VUL_mulV | VUI_mulV
Function | Multiply corresponding vector elements
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_mulV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFs_mulV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float C ); void VFx_mulV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); void VCF_mulV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_mulReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_mulVconj( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_mulV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_mulReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_mulVconj( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::mulV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::s_mulV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& C ); void vector<T>::x_mulV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::mulV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::mulReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::mulVconj( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_mulV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_mulReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_mulVconj( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_mulV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFs_mulV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VFx_mulV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ); procedure VCF_mulV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_mulReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_mulVconj( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_mulV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_mulReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
procedure VCFx_mulVconj( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Xi * Yi scaled versions (VFs_ etc.): Zi = C * (Xi * Yi) expanded versions (VFx_ etc.): Zi = (A * Xi + B) * Yi The complex floating-point versions exist in three variants: in the first variant (e.g. VCF_mulV, VCFx_mulV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g. VCF_mulReV - "multiply by a real vector"); in the third variant, finally (e.g. VCF_mulVconj, VCFx_mulVconj), X is multiplied by the complex conjugate of Y instead of Y itself.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_mulC, VF_addV, VF_subV, VF_divV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_neg | VD_neg | VE_neg
VCF_neg | VCD_neg | VCE_neg
VPF_neg | VPD_neg | VPE_neg
VI_neg | VBI_neg | VSI_neg | VLI_neg | VQI_neg
Function | Negation
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_neg( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::neg( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_neg( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = - (Xi) VBI_, VSI_, VI_, and VLI_ versions only: the negation of the most negative number possible (-128 for byte/ByteInt, -32768 for short/SmallInt, -2147483648 for long/LongInt) is again the same - negative! - number. This is due to the implicit modulo-2n arithmetics, where the overflowing byte/ByteInt, +128, is stored as -128, the overflowing short/SmallInt, +32768, is stored as -32768, and the overflowing long/LongInt, +2147483648, is stored as -2147483648.
Error handling | none
Return value | By analogy with VF_abs, the floating-point versions are treated as math functions. Therefore, they have a return value which, since no errors can occur, is always FALSE (0). The integer versions have no return value.
See also | VF_abs, VCF_conj

V_nfree
Function | De-allocate memory occupied by one or more vectors.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_nfree( unsigned numfree, ... );
Pascal/Delphi | This function is absent.
Description | The parameter numfree "tells" the function how many vectors it has to free. These vectors follow in the parameter list after numfree. De-allocation of vectors not allocated by one of the functions of the VF_vector or VF_vector0 family is discouraged, especially in Windows programs. Pascal/Delphi: since a variable number of parameters is not supported in Pascal language, this function is missing.
Example C/C++ | V_nfree( 3, X, Y, Z );
Return value | none
See also | V_free, V_freeAll, VF_vector, VF_vector0

VF_noise | VD_noise | VE_noise
Function | Initialize a vector with "white" noise
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> long VF_noise( fVector X, ui size, long seed, float Amp );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> long vector<T>::noise( long seed, const T& Amp );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_noise( X:fVector; size:UInt; Seed:LongInt; Amp:Single ): LongInt;
Description | White noise is generated with the amplitude Amp, i.e., the output values are between -Amp/2 and +Amp/2 (both extrema included). "seed" may be chosen completely arbitrary. Successive calls with the same seed yield identical results; for different values of seed, the obtained results are uncorrelated. Internally, these functions employ a 32-bit integer random number generator by H.W.Lewis, with additional steps (so-called "Bays-Durham shuffle") to break sequential correlations. This ensures very good randomness, far superior to simpler generators (like the rand function shipped with C/C++ and the Random function of Pascal). A long value is returned which may be used as new seed for subsequent calls.
Error handling | none
Return value | last 32-bit random number internally generated; may be used as new seed value for future calls.
See also | rand, random, VF_random

VCF_norm | VCD_norm | VCE_norm
VCF_normtoC | VCD_normtoC | VCE_normtoC
VPF_norm | VPD_norm | VPE_norm
Function | Norm (square of the magnitude) of complex numbers.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd> void VCF_norm( fVector Norm, cfVector X, ui size ); void VPF_norm( fVector Norm, pfVector X, ui size ); void VCF_normtoC( cfVector Norm, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::norm( const vector<complex<T>>& X ); void vector<complex<T>>::normtoC( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_norm( Norm:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VPF_norm( Norm:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_normtoC( Norm, X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | VCF_norm is identical to VF_CtoNorm, and VPF_norm is identical to VF_PtoNorm. See those functions for details. VCF_normtoC calculates the norm of a cartesian complex vector and stores it as a complex vector (with all imaginary parts equal to 0).

VI_not | VBI_not | VSI_not | VLI_not | VQI_not
VU_not | VUB_not | VUS_not | VUL_not | VUI_not
Function | Bit-wise complement
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_not( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::not( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_not( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt );
Description | Yi = ~(Xi) Each single bit of the element Xi is inverted (i.e., it is 0 in Yi, if it was 1 in Xi, and vice versa).
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_and, VI_or, VI_neg

V_noteError
Function | Construct and print an error message
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_noteError( char *fname, unsigned why );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_noteError( fname:PChar; why:UInt );
Description | In case of an error, the math functions of VectorLib invoke the following steps: C/C++: First call _matherr (or _matherrl), then inspect the return value of _matherr (or _matherrl) and call V_noteError in case this return value was 0. Pascal/Delphi: Call V_noteError if V_FPErrorHandlingMode contains fpErrorNote for the type of error that occurred. V_noteError then constructs the appropriate error message and passes it to V_printErrorMsg, which is the function in charge of actually printing the error message. By default, output is directed to the screen. This may be changed by a call to V_setErrorEventFile (see chapter 5.3). "fname" is the name of the "complaining" function, and "why" specifies the reason for the complaint. C/C++: see the description of _matherr in your compiler's documentation for error codes. How to call V_noteError from a user-defined _matherr function is described in chapter 5.3.. Pascal/Delphi: The parameter "why" may take on the following values: 1 for DOMAIN errors 2 for SING errors 3 for OVERFLOW errors 4 for UNDERFLOW errors 5 for TLOSS errors This function will not be included in versions of OptiVec for compilers that do already offer the possibility of printing error messages simultaneously to the screen and to an event file.
Return value | none
See also | V_setErrorEventFile, V_printErrorMsg

VF_nread | VD_nread | VE_nread
VCF_nread | VCD_nread | VCE_nread
VPF_nread | VPD_nread | VPE_nread
VI_nread | VBI_nread | VSI_nread | VLI_nread | VQI_nread
VU_nread | VUB_nread | VUS_nread | VUL_nread | VUI_nread
Function | Read the columns of a table from a stream
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_nread( unsigned n, ui size, FILE *stream, ... );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_nread( VecList:^fVector; n:Word; size:UInt; var stream:Text );
Description C/C++ | n columns of a table are read into the vectors passed to VF_nread. The number of lines is specified as the number of elements of each vector, which is size. The entries of each line should be separated by spaces (' ') or tab characters ('\t'). Each line must be terminated by a line-feed character ('\n'). The length of the lines is limited according the following rules: - Either all lines have the same length. In this case, the length is determined automatically and might in principle be as large as 65535 characters. - Or the maximum length is given by the number n of vectors to be read and by the data type:
VF_ | 24*n
VBI_, VUB_ | 13*n
VD_ | 32*n
VSI_, VUS_ | 21*n
VE_ | 40*n
VLI_, VUL_ | 37*n
VCF_, VPF_ | 48*n
VQI_ | 32*n
VCD_, VPD_ | 64*n
VI_, VU_ | as VLI_, VUL_ (in the 16-bit models as VSI_, VUS_)
VCE_, VPE_ | 80*n
It is possible to read fewer vectors than there are columns in a table. In this case, the trailing columns are neglected. If, however, you try to read more vectors than there are columns, the result is undefined and might lead to an error. Complex versions (both cartesian and polar): Real und imaginary (or Mag and Arg) parts may, but need not, be enclosed in braces { }. However, you must be consequent: Either all or no element may be written with braces. Whole-number versions except VQI_nread: By default, the numbers to be read are interpreted as decimal numbers. You may use V_setRadix to define any radix between 2 and 36.
Example C/C++ | VF_nread( 3, 100, DataFile, X, Y, Z );
Description Pascal/Delphi | n columns of a table are read into the vectors passed as the list VecList to VF_nread. The number of lines is specified as the number of elements of each vector, which is size. The entries of each line should be separated by spaces (' ') or tab characters (#9). Other separators are not allowed. Each line must be terminated by a line-feed character (#13). It is possible to read fewer vectors than there are columns in a table. In this case, the trailing columns are neglected. If, however, you try to read more vectors than there are columns, the result is undefined and might lead to an error. Complex versions (both cartesian and polar): Real und imaginary (or Mag and Arg) parts may (but need not) be enclosed in braces { }. However, you must be consequent: Either all or no element may be written with braces. Whereas the C version of these functions follows the conventions of the C functions strtod, strtol, etc., the Pascal version has to follow the rules applying to the Pascal function Read. This makes the Pascal version much less flexible than the C version: - no separation characters allowed other than ' ' and #9, - no automatic truncation of overflowing numbers, - no function V_setRadix
Example Pascal/Delphi | var MyFile: Text; X, Y1, Y2: fVector; VList: array[0..2] of fVector; begin X := VF_vector( 100 ); Y1 := VF_vector( 100 ); Y2 := VF_vector( 100 ); VList[0] := X; VList[1] := Y1; VList[2] := Y2; Assign( MyFile, 'Myfile.DAT' ); Reset( MyFile ); VF_nread( @VList, 3, 100, MyFile ); ... end;
Error handling | C/C++: Real, complex and quad versions: Overflowing numbers are silently truncated to ±HUGE_VAL. Whole-number versions except VQI_nread: As long as the numbers can be represented as long or unsigned long, overflowing bits are ignored in the 16-bit versions. Numbers beyond the long range yield -1 (signed types) or +HUGE_VAL (unsigned types). Pascal/Delphi: Overflowing numbers or numbers otherwise not conforming to the format requirements lead to an I/O error.
Return value | none
See also | VF_nwrite, VF_read, VF_store, VF_recall, strtod, strtol (C/C++ only)

VF_nwrite | VD_nwrite | VE_nwrite
VCF_nwrite | VCD_nwrite | VCE_nwrite
VPF_nwrite | VPD_nwrite | VPE_nwrite
VI_nwrite | VBI_nwrite | VSI_nwrite | VLI_nwrite | VQI_nwrite
VU_nwrite | VUB_nwrite | VUS_nwrite | VUL_nwrite | VUI_nwrite
Function | Write vectors as the columns of a table into a stream.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_nwrite( FILE *stream, unsigned n, ui size, ... );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_nwrite( var stream:Text; VecList:^fVector; n:UInt; size:UInt );
Description C/C++ | n vectors are written in ASCII format as the columns of a table into stream. The number of lines is given by the number of elements of each vector: size. The default format and separation may be changed using VF_setWriteFormat and VF_setNWriteSeparate, respectively.
Example C/C++ | VF_nwrite( DataFile, 3, 100, X, Y, Z ); /* generates a table with 3 columns and 100 lines; the columns are given by X, Y and Z. */
Pascal/Delphi | n vectors, passed as the list VecList, are written in ASCII format as the columns of a table into stream. The number of lines is given by the number of elements of each vector: size. The separation character(s) between columns may be changed using VF_setNWriteSeparate. By default, it is a tab character (#9). Please note that the Pascal version of these functions does not allow a free definition of the output format. Therefore, the function VF_setWriteFormat does not exist in the Pascal/Delphi version.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_write, VF_nread, VF_store, VF_recall, fprintf

VF_OD | VD_OD | VE_OD
VU_ODtoF | VU_ODtoD | VU_ODtoE
VUB_ODtoF | VUB_ODtoD | VUB_ODtoE
VUS_ODtoF | VUS_ODtoD | VUS_ODtoE
VUL_ODtoF | VUL_ODtoD | VUL_ODtoE
VUI_ODtoF | VUI_ODtoD | VUI_ODtoE
VQI_ODtoF | VQI_ODtoD | VQI_ODtoE
Function | Optical Density
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_OD( fVector OD, fVector X, fVector X0, ui size ); int VUS_ODtoF( fVector OD, usVector X, usVector X0, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::OD( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& X0 ); int vector<flot>::ODtoF( const vector<unsigned>& X, const vector<unsigned>& X0 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_OD( OD, X, X0:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VUS_ODtoF( OD:fVector; X, X0:usVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | ODi = log10( X0i/Xi ) for (X0i >= ODThresh0 && Xi >= ODThresh), ODi = 0.0 otherwise The "optical density" is calculated for positive, non-zero input numbers. By default, ODThresh and ODThresh0 are 0.001 for the versions with floating-point input vectors (VF_OD, VD_OD, and VE_OD), and 1 for the versions with unsigned-integer input vectors. The typical application of these functions would be an absorption measurement with a spectrometer, where each element of X corresponds to the light intensity at one specific wavelength, transmitted through the sample, and each element of X0 corresponds to the light intensity measured through air or through a reference sample. Normally, the intensity data will have been digitized with 12-bit or 16-bit precision. In this case, VUS_ODtoF or VUS_ODtoD will be the appropriate functions. For the rare cases of 8-bit or higher than 16-bit digitization, use the VUB_ or VUL_ versions. You might wish to accumulate several measurements before calculating the OD. For example, repeated measurements in a usVector may be accumulated into a ulVector by VUL_accVUS, before the OD is calculated by VUL_ODtoD. Similarly, you might accumulate 32-bit data into a qiVector by VQI_accVUL and call then, e.g., VQI_ODtoE. In order to cut off experimental noise, the input-number threshold below which the OD is corrected to 0.0 may be set to arbitrary positive values by VF_setODThresh, VUS_setODThresh, etc. If background values have to be taken into account, please use the functions of the VF_ODwDark family.
Error handling | none
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_ODwDark, VF_log10

VF_ODwDark | VD_ODwDark | VE_ODwDark
VU_ODtoFwDark | VU_ODtoDwDark | VU_ODtoEwDark
VUB_ODtoFwDark | VUB_ODtoDwDark | VUB_ODtoEwDark
VUS_ODtoFwDark | VUS_ODtoDwDark | VUS_ODtoEwDark
VUL_ODtoFwDark | VUL_ODtoDwDark | VUL_ODtoEwDark
VUI_ODtoFwDark | VUI_ODtoDwDark | VUI_ODtoEwDark
VQI_ODtoFwDark | VQI_ODtoDwDark | VQI_ODtoEwDark
Function | Optical Density with background subtraction
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_ODwDark( fVector OD, fVector X, fVector XDark, fVector X0, fVector X0Dark, ui size ); int VUS_ODtoFwDark( fVector OD, usVector X, usVector XDark, usVector X0, usVector X0Dark, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::ODwDark( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& XDark, const vector<T>& X0, const vector<T>& X0Dark ); int vector<float>::ODtoFwDark( const vector<unsigned>& X, const vector<unsigned>& XDark, const vector<unsigned>& X0, const vector<unsigned>& X0Dark );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_ODwDark( OD, X, XDark, X0, X0Dark:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VUS_ODtoFwDark( OD:fVector; X, XDark, X0, X0Dark:usVector; size:UInt ): IntBool;
Description | xxi = Xi - XiDark x0i = X0i - X0iDark ODi = log10( x0i/xxi ), (x0i >= ODThresh0 && xxi >= ODThresh), ODi = 0.0 otherwise Dark currents XDark, X0Dark are subtracted from measured intensity data X, X0. The optical density is calculated for the resulting corrected data. If these happen to become negative or at least smaller than the thresholds ODThresh, ODThresh0, the OD is set to 0.0. In order to cut off experimental noise, these thresholds may be set to arbitrary positive values by VF_setODThresh, VU_setODThresh, etc.
Error handling | none
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_OD, VF_setODThresh

VI_or | VBI_or | VSI_or | VLI_or | VQI_or
VU_or | VUB_or | VUS_or | VUL_or | VUI_or
Function | Bit-wise "OR" operation
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_or( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size, int C); void VUL_or( ulVector Y, ulVector X, ui size, unsigned long C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::or( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_or( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt; C:Integer );
Description | Yi = (Xi) | C The bit-wise "inclusive OR" operation is performed on each element Xi with the bit-mask given by C. A bit is 1 in Yi, if it was not simultaneously 0 in Xi and in C, i.e., if it was 1 at least in one of them.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_not, VI_and, VI_xor

VF_Parzen | VD_Parzen | VE_Parzen
Function | "Parzen" window for spectral analyses
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_Parzen( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::Parzen();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_Parzen( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = 1 - |(i - 0.5*(size - 1)) / 0.5*(size + 1)|
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_Welch, VF_Hanning, VF_spectrum

VF_Pelement | VD_Pelement | VE_Pelement
VCF_Pelement | VCD_Pelement | VCE_Pelement
VI_Pelement | VBI_Pelement | VSI_Pelement | VLI_Pelement | VQI_Pelement
VU_Pelement | VUB_Pelement | VUS_Pelement | VUL_Pelement | VUI_Pelement
Function | Pointer to a vector element
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> (float *) VF_Pelement( fVector X, ui pos );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T * vector<T>::Pelement( ui pos );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_Pelement( X:fVector; pos:UInt ): PSingle;
Description | C/C++: returns X+pos = &( X[pos] ). This function is needed only for some older versions of Borland C, to avoid a bug in the pointer arithmetics. Pascal/Delphi: returns @( X[pos] ). This function is needed to access single vector elements, or to perform pointer arithmetics on dynamically allocated vectors, for which Pascal/Delphi - unlike C - does not provide a built-in mechanism.
Error handling | none
Return value | C/C++: X+pos Pascal/Delphi: @( X[pos] )
See also | VF_element

V_PDtoPF | V_PDtoPE
V_PEtoPF | V_PEtoPD
V_PFtoPD | V_PFtoPE
Function | Data type conversions. See V_FtoD.

VCF_polar | VCD_polar | VCE_polar
VPF_polar | VPD_polar | VPE_polar
Function | Construct a Cartesian or polar complex vector from polar coordinates given as separate vectors.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd> void VCF_polar( cfVector X, fVector Mag, fVector Arg, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::polar( const vector<T>& Mag, const vector<T>& Arg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_polar( X:cfVector; Mag, Arg:fVector; size:UInt);
Description | Identical to VF_PolartoC etc. and VF_MagArgtoP, resp. See these functions for details.

VF_PolartoC | VD_PolartoC | VE_PolartoC
Function | Construct Cartesian complex numbers from polar coordinates, entered as separate vectors for Mag and Arg.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_PolartoC( cfVector X, fVector Mag, fVector Arg, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::PolartoC( const vector<T>& Mag, const vector<T>& Arg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_PolartoC( X:cfVector; Mag, Arg:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar coordinates Mag (magnitude, absolute value) and Arg (argument, angle) of each element are used to construct the Cartesian complex vector X. The difference between this function and VF_PtoC is that, in the latter, the input consists of one vector of type pfVector, rather than of two real-valued vectors for Mag and Arg.
Error handling | The total loss of precision for very large values of Arg is treated tacitly (without an error message); if it occurs, the result is set to {Mag, 0}.
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoC, VF_CtoPolar, VF_ReImtoC, VF_CtoArg, VF_CtoNorm

VF_poly | VD_poly | VE_poly
VFx_poly | VDx_poly | VEx_poly
Function | Polynomial
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_poly( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, fVector Coeff, unsigned deg ); int VFx_poly( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, fVector Coeff, unsigned deg, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::poly( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Coeff, unsigned deg ); int vector<T>::x_poly( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Coeff, unsigned deg, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_poly( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Coeff:fVector; deg:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_poly( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Coeff:fVector; deg:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = c0 + c1 * Xi + c2 * Xi2 + ... + cn * Xin expanded versions: xi = (A*Xi + B), Yi = c0 + c1 * xi + c2 * xi2 + ... + cn * xin A polynomial of degree deg is generated for every element of X, using the coefficients contained in the vector Coeff. The coefficients in Coeff have to be ordered in such a way that the constant term is the zero'th element, the linear coefficient the first element etc., up to the deg'th element which is the coefficient for the highest power used in the polynomial. (Beware a frequent source of errors: for a polynomial of deg = 4, there are 5 (!) coefficients; do not forget the constant term).
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to ±HUGE_VAL as the default result. In contrast to the ANSI C function poly (where deg is declared as int), the declaration of deg as unsigned precludes DOMAIN errors (which would occur for negative deg).
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_ipow, VF_pow, poly

VF_polyinterpol | VD_polyinterpol | VE_polyinterpol
Function | Polynomial interpolation of X-Y-table values
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_polyinterpol( fVector Y, fVector X, ui sizex, fVector XTab, fVector YTab, ui sizetab, unsigned deg );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::polyinterpol( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& XTab, const vector<T>& YTab, unsigned deg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_polyinterpol( Y, X:fVector; sizex:UInt; XTab, YTab:fVector; sizetab:UInt; deg:UInt );
Description | For each of the sizex elements of X, the corresponding element of Y is interpolated from the XTab-YTab value pairs. XTab must be ordered (either ascending or descending). All values of XTab must be distinct; otherwise a division by zero may occur and lead to a program abort. For each element of X, the routine finds itself the appropriate place in the table. The parameter deg denotes the number of points that will be taken into account for the interpolation (this is not the degree of the interpolating polynomial!). Any value between 0 and 2 will be interpreted as meaning linear interpolation. A maximum of 10-point interpolation is possible.
Error handling | Trying to use too many elements for the interpolation (deg > 10) leads to an error message "Not possible with more than 10 elements" and to a program abort. If deg exceeds sizetab, an error message "Invalid parameter(s)" is displayed and the program aborted. No other errors are detected (you have to take care yourself that the XTab values are distinct and that the YTab values are not near the limit of overflowing).
Return value | none
See also | VF_ratinterpol, VF_splineinterpol

VF_pow | VD_pow | VE_pow
VCF_pow | VCD_pow | VCE_pow
VFx_pow | VDx_pow | VEx_pow
VCFx_pow | VCDx_pow | VCEx_pow
VCF_powReExpo | VCD_powReExpo | VCE_powReExpo
VCFx_powReExpo | VCDx_powReExpo | VCEx_powReExpo
VPF_powReExpo | VPD_powReExpo | VPE_powReExpo
Function | Raise each element of a vector to a specified power
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_pow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Expo ); int VFx_pow( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Expo, float A, float B, float C ); int VCF_pow( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex Expo ); int VCFx_pow( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex Expo, fComplex A, fComplex B, fComplex C ); int VCF_powReExpo( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float Expo ); int VCFx_powReExpo( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float Expo, fComplex A, fComplex B, fComplex C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::pow( const vector<T>& X, const T& Expo ); int vector<T>::x_pow( const vector<T>& X, const T& Expo, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<complex<T>>::pow( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> Expo ); int vector<complex<T>>::x_pow( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> Expo, complex<T> A, complex<T> B, complex<T> C ); int vector<complex<T>>::powReExpo( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& Expo ); int vector<complex<T>>::x_powReExpo( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& Expo, complex<T> A, complex<T> B, complex<T> C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_pow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo:Single ): IntBool; function VFx_pow( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo, A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VCF_pow( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; Expo:fComplex ): IntBool; function VCF_powReExpo( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; Expo:Single ): IntBool; function VCFx_powReExpo( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; Expo:Single; A, B, C:fComplex ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = Xi Expo expanded versions: Yi = C * ((A*Xi+B) Expo) If Expo is a moderately small integer number, the functions of this family pass the job to the appropriate routine of the VF_ipow family. More efficiently, the user could do just that himself. The complex version exists in two variants: one for complex exponents, the other for complex numbers raised to a real exponent.
Error handling | DOMAIN errors occur, if negative numbers are raised to fractional powers; the default result is NAN ("not-a-number"). SING errors occur, if zero is raised to a negative power; the default result is ±HUGE_VAL, which is true for OVERFLOW errors as well.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_ipow, VF_poly, VF_pow2, VF_exp, VF_powexp, pow

VF_pow10 | VD_pow10 | VE_pow10
VFx_pow10 | VDx_pow10 | VEx_pow10
Function | Real powers of 10
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_pow10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_pow10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::pow10( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_pow10( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_pow10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_pow10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 10.0 Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * 10.0A*Xi+B This is an exponential function to the basis of 10.0.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_ipow10, VF_scale10, VF_log10, VF_pow, VF_exp, pow10

VF_pow2 | VD_pow2 | VE_pow2
VFx_pow2 | VDx_pow2 | VEx_pow2
Function | Real powers of 2
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_pow2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_pow2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::pow2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_pow2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_pow2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_pow2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = 2.0 Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * 2.0A*Xi+B This is an exponential function to the basis of 2.0.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_ipow2, VF_scale2, VF_log2, VF_pow, VF_exp, pow

VF_powexp | VD_powexp | VE_powexp
VFx_powexp | VDx_powexp | VEx_powexp
Function | Power function, multiplied by exponential function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_powexp( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Expo ); int VFx_powexp( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float Expo, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::powexp( const vector<T>& X, const T& Expo ); int vector<T>::x_powexp( const vector<T>& X, const T& Expo, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_powexp( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo:Single ): IntBool; function VFx_powexp( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo, A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = XiExpo * exp(Xi) expanded versions: Yi = C * (XiExpo) * exp(A*Xi+B) Note for the expanded versions that (A*Xi+B) is taken only as the argument of the exponential function, whereas the power function is calculated for (Xi). The implementation of this function guarantees the correct cancellation of potential simultaneous overflow and underflow of the two constituting factors (for large Xi, if either Expo or A*Xi – but not both – are negative, so that either the power function or the exponential function would yield a very small result, while the other would yield an overflowing result). In contrast to VF_pow, negative X values in the power function always lead to a DOMAIN error, even if Expo is an integer.
Error handling | DOMAIN errors are caused by negative Xi; the default result is NAN ("not-a-number"). SING errors occur, if zero is raised to a negative power; the default result is ±HUGE_VAL, which is true for OVERFLOW errors as well.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_pow, VF_poly, VF_exp, pow, exp

VPF_principal | VPD_principal | VPE_principal
Function | Reduce polar complex numbers to principal value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VPF_principal( pfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::principal( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VPF_principal( Y, X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The argument, i.e. the angle of each element is reduced to the range -p < Arg <= +p
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_MagArgtoPrincipal

VF_print | VD_print | VE_print
VCF_print | VCD_print | VCE_print
VI_print | VBI_print | VSI_print | VLI_print | VQI_print
VU_print | VUB_print | VUS_print | VUL_print | VUI_print
Function | Print a vector as ASCII numbers to stdout, assuming a linewidth of 80 characters.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_print( fVector X, ui size, unsigned nperline );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::print( unsigned nperline );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_print( X:fVector; size, nperline:UInt );
Description | size elements of X are printed to stdout, nperline in each line. The available linewidth is assumed to be 80 characters. Each line begins with the index of the first element printed into that line. The index is followed by a colon and by the requested nperline elements. Cartesian complex numbers are printed in braces, with the real and imaginary parts separated by a komma: {Re, Im}. Polar complex numbers are also written in braces, with the Mag and Arg parts separated by an at-sign: {Mag @ Arg}. In contrast to VF_cprint, no paging is performed. The number of digits per element is determined by the available space, which depends in turn on nperline. This family of functions is available under Windows only in connection with EasyWin, and should not be used within TurboVision programs.
Error handling | If nperline exceeds the maximum number of entries possible within 80 characters, an error message "Cannot use requested format (too many entries per line)" is generated; in this case, the program chooses the maximum number nperline possible.
Return value | none
See also | VF_cprint, VF_fprint, VF_write, VF_store, printf (C/C++ only)

V_printErrorMsg
Function | Print an error message.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_printErrorMsg( char *ErrMsg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_printErrMsg( ErrMsg: PChar );
Description | As described in connection with V_noteError, this function is in charge of printing error messages. By default, output is directed to the screen. The function V_setErrorEventFile may be used to redirect the output into an event file (exclusively or in addition to the screen message). V_printErrorMsg may be called from user-defined routines in which error conditions are detected. If the message is longer than one line, carriage returns ("\n" or "\r\n" for C/C++, #13 for Pascal/Delphi) have to be included at the desired place. Note, however, that this function will not be included in versions of OptiVec for compilers that do already offer the possibility of printing error messages simultaneously to the screen and to an event file.
Return value | none
See also | V_setErrorEventFile, V_noteError, _matherr (C/C++ only)

VF_prod | VD_prod | VE_prod
VCF_prod | VCD_prod | VCE_prod
VPF_prod | VPD_prod | VPE_prod
Function | Calculates the product of all the elements of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_prod( fVector X, ui size ); fComplex VCF_prod( cfVector X, ui size ); fPolar VPF_prod( pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::prod(); complex<T> vector<complex<T>>::prod(); polar<T> vector<polar<T>>::prod();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_prod( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; procedure VCF_prod( var Prod:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt); procedure VPF_prod( var Prod:fPolar; X:pfVector; size:UInt);
Description | The product of all elements of a vector is calculated.
Error handling | none (but be careful: this function may easily overflow!)
Return value | the product of the vector elements (except complex versions in Pascal/Delphi)
See also | VF_runprod, VF_sum

VF_PtoAbs | VD_PtoAbs | VE_PtoAbs
Function | Absolute value (magnitude) of polar complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoAbs( fVector Abs, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoAbs( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoAbs( Abs:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The absolute value, i.e. the magnitude of each element of the polar complex vector X is extracted. This function is identical to VPF_abs and VF_PtoMag. For historical reasons, all three names have been preserved.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VPF_abs, VF_PtoMagArg, VF_PtoArg, VF_PtoNorm

VF_PtoArg | VD_PtoArg | VE_PtoArg
Function | Argument (angle) of complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoArg( fVector Arg, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoArg( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoArg( Arg:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The argument, i.e. the angle of each element is extracted from the polar complex vector X. In contrast to the analogous function for cartesian complex vectors, VF_CtoArg, no normalization of the argument is performed. If the normalized argument is needed, VPF_principal must be called first.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoAbs, VF_PtoMagArg, VF_PtoReIm

VF_PtoC | VD_PtoC | VE_PtoC
Function | Transformation of a polar complex into a cartesian complex vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoC( cfVector Y, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::PtoC( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoC( Y:cfVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | X is transformed from polar coordinates {Mag @ Arg} into cartesian coordinates {Re, Im}.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoP, VF_PtoReIm

VF_PtoIm | VD_PtoIm | VE_PtoIm
Function | Extract the imaginary part from a polar complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoIm( fVector Im, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoIm( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoIm( Im:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The imaginary part of the polar complex vector X is calculated and stored in Im.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoReIm, VF_ReImtoP

VF_PtoMag | VD_PtoMag | VE_PtoMag
Function | Extract the magnitudes of complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoMag( fVector Mag, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoMag( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoMag( Mag:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The magnitude of each element is extracted from the polar complex vector X.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoArg

VF_PtoMagArg | VD_PtoMagArg | VE_PtoMagArg
Function | Split a polar complex vector into separate vectors for magnitude and argument.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoMagArg( fVector Mag, fVector Arg, pfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoMagArg( vector<T> Arg, const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoMagArg( Mag, Arg:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Magnitude and argument of the polar complex vector X are stored in the separate vectors Mag and Arg.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoRe, VF_MagArgtoP

VF_PtoNorm | VD_PtoNorm | VE_PtoNorm
Function | Norm (square of the absolute value) of complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoNorm( fVector Norm, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoNorm( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoNorm( Norm:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Normi = Mag2(Xi) This definition of the Norm of a complex number is the same as in C++, but it is not consistent with the usual definition in mathematics, where the term "norm" is used as a synomym for "absolute value" or "magnitude". As defined here, the Norm is the square of the absolute value. The absolute value itself is available by the function VPF_abs.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoReIm, VPF_abs

VF_PtoRe | VD_PtoRe | VE_PtoRe
Function | Extracts the real part from a polar complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoRe( fVector Re, pfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoRe( const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoRe( Re:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The real part of the polar complex vector X is calculated and stored in Re.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoReIm, VF_PtoIm

VF_PtoReIm | VD_PtoReIm | VE_PtoReIm
Function | Real and imaginary parts of a polar complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_PtoReIm( fVector Re, fVector Im, pfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::PtoReIm( vector<T> Im, const vector<polar<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_PtoReIm( Re, Im:fVector; X:pfVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar complex vector X is transformed into cartesian coordinates, which are stored in separate vectors Re and Im.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoRe, VF_ReImtoP

VF_quartic | VD_quartic | VE_quartic
VFx_quartic | VDx_quartic | VEx_quartic
VFu_quartic | VDu_quartic | VEu_quartic
VFux_quartic | VDux_quartic | VEux_quartic
VCF_quartic | VCD_quartic | VCE_quartic
VCFx_quartic | VCDx_quartic | VCEx_quartic
VCFu_quartic | VCDu_quartic | VCEu_quartic
VCFux_quartic | VCDux_quartic | VCEux_quartic
VPF_quartic | VPD_quartic | VPE_quartic
VPFu_quartic | VPDu_quartic | VPEu_quartic
Function | Fourth power
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_quartic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_quartic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B ); int VFu_quartic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFux_quartic( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::quartic( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_quartic( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B ); int vector<T>::u_quartic( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::ux_quartic( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_quartic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_quartic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool; function VFu_quartic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFux_quartic( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = Xi 4 expanded versions: Yi = (A*Xi+B) 4 The fourth power of the elements of X is stored in Y. The "unprotected" versions (prefix VFu_, VFux_, etc.) do not perform any error handling, which makes them much faster (up to 50%) than the standard versions. The extended-precision complex (VCEu_ and VCEux_) versions do not take some of the security measures present in the standard version and might fail for results very near the overflow limit; results near the underflow limit might be rendered as 0.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_square, VF_cubic, VF_sqrt, VF_pow, VF_ipow, VF_poly

VF_ramp | VD_ramp | VE_ramp
VCF_ramp | VCD_ramp | VCE_ramp
VI_ramp | VBI_ramp | VSI_ramp | VLI_ramp | VQI_ramp
VU_ramp | VUB_ramp | VUS_ramp | VUL_ramp | VUI_ramp
Function | Initialize a vector with an ascending or descending "ramp".
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_ramp( fVector X, ui size, float Start, float Rise ); (similarly VD_, VE_, VCF_, VCD_, VCE_, VI_, etc.) void VU_ramp( uVector X, ui size, unsigned Start, int Rise ); (similarly VUB_, VUS_, VUL_)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::ramp( T Start, T Rise ); void vector<unsigned>::ramp( unsigned Start, int Rise );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_ramp( X:fVector; size:UInt; Start, Rise:Single ); (similarly VD_, VE_, VCF_, VCD_, VCE_, VI_, etc.) procedure VU_ramp( X:uVector; size:UInt; Start:UInt; Rise:Integer ); (similarly VUB_, VUS_, VUL_)
Description | Xi = Start + i * Rise For the floating-point versions, remember the limited accuracy of floating-point numbers. For example, after calling VF_ramp( F1, 101, -1.0, 0.01 ); the element F1100 will not be 0.0, as you might wish, but rather something like 2.2E-8. Ths is due to the fact that the number 0.01 (passed as a float to the function) is not exactly representable in the data type float. If that is a problem, consider building the ramp with moderately large integers and dividing by a scaling factor afterwards: VF_ramp( F1, 101, -100.0, 1.0 ); VF_divC( F1, F1, 101, 100.0 ); Note that Rise is defined as int instead of unsigned in the VU_ version and as long instead of unsigned long in the VUL_ version; this exception from the general rules - that all parameters in one function be of the same data type - allows to create descending ramps of unsigned numbers, which would not be possible otherwise.
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_Parzen, VF_Welch, VF_equ1, VF_random

VF_random | VD_random | VE_random
VCF_random | VCD_random | VCE_random
VI_random | VBI_random | VSI_random | VLI_random | VQI_random
VU_random | VUB_random | VUS_random | VUL_random | VUI_random
Function | High-quality random numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> long VF_random( fVector X, ui siz, long seed, float MinVal, float MaxVal );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> long vector<T>::random( long seed, T MinVal, T MaxVal );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_random( X:fVector; size:UInt; seed:LongInt; MinVal, MaxVal:Single ): LongInt;
Description | The X vector is filled with a sequence of random numbers. Within the ranges defined by MinVal and MaxVal, and within the restrictions of floating-point representation, all numbers are equally probable (including the extreme values themselves), i.e., so-called "uniform deviates" are produced. The parameter seed may be any number. Successive calls to one and the same of these functions will yield identical sequences, if seed is chosen equal; if seed is chosen differently for successive calls, the results will be uncorrelated. Internally, these functions employ a 32-bit integer random number generator by H.W.Lewis, with additional steps (so-called "Bays-Durham shuffle") to break sequential correlations. This ensures very good randomness, far superior to simpler generators (like the rand function of C/C++ compilers or the random function of Pascal/Delphi). A long value is returned which may be used as new seed for subsequent calls.
Error handling | none
Return value | last 32-bit random number generated; this may be used as a new seed value for future calls.
See also | VF_noise, rand, srand (C/C++ only), random

VF_ratinterpol | VD_ratinterpol | VE_ratinterpol
Function | Diagonal-rational interpolation
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_ratinterpol( fVector Y, fVector X, ui sizex, fVector XTab, fVector YTab, ui sizetab, unsigned deg );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::ratinterpol( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& XTab, const vector<T>& YTab, unsigned deg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_ratinterpol( Y, X:fVector; sizex:UInt; XTab, YTab:fVector; sizetab:UInt; deg:UInt );
Description | For each of the sizex elements of X, the corresponding element of Y is interpolated from the XTab-YTab value pairs. XTab must be ordered (either ascending or descending). All values of XTab must be distinct; otherwise a division by zero may occur and lead to a program abort. The parameter deg denotes the number of points that will be taken into account for the interpolation; the diagonal rational interpolation scheme by Stoer and Bulirsch is used. The interpolating function is formed by the quotient of two polynomials, the polynomial in the denominator being of the same order (for even deg) or of an order higher by one (for odd deg) than the polynomial of the numerator. Diagonal rational interpolation is superior to polynomial interpolation, especially in the presence of poles. It is, however, much slower. deg must be between 3 and 20.
Error handling | A pole (infinity) in the interpolated function is recognized and leads to a SING error with the proposed result being ±HUGE_VAL. (Note: the x-value passed to _matherr is the first element of XTab). Trying to use too many elements for the interpolation (deg > 20) leads to an error message "Not possible with more than 20 elements" and to a program abort. If deg is not between 3 and 20, or exceeds sizetab, an error message "Invalid parameter(s)" is displayed and the program aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_polyinterpol, VF_splineinterpol

VF_read | VD_read | VE_read
VCF_read | VCD_read | VCE_read
VPF_read | VPD_read | VPE_read
VI_read | VBI_read | VSI_read | VLI_read | VQI_read
VU_read | VUB_read | VUS_read | VUL_read | VUI_read
Function | reads a vector in ASCII format from a stream
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_read( fVector X, ui size, FILE *stream );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::read( FILE *stream );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_read( X:fVector; size:UInt; var Stream:Text );
Description | size elements are read in ASCII format (up to 80 characters) from stream and stored in X. Normally, this function will be used to import vectors from a program which cannot store numbers in machine format. It can also be used to retrieve vectors previously stored by VF_write. For storing and retrieving intermediate results, however, the function pair VF_store / VF_recall is to be preferred over VF_write / VF_read (see VF_write). Complex versions: Real und imaginary parts (cartesian complex) or the Mag and Arg parts (polar complex) may, but need not, be enclosed in braces { } or brackets ( ). However, you must be consequent: Either all or no element may be written with braces or brackets. A komma may (but need not) separate the two parts. The imaginary part (cartesian) or the Arg part (polar) must always be explicitly specified, even if it is zero. Examples for legal formats are: 0.3 0.5 (neither braces nor separating komma) 0.3, 0.5 (no braces; separating komma) {0.3 0.5} (braces; no separating komma) (0.3, 0.5) (brackets and separating komma)
C/C++ specific: | The entries to be read must be separated by whitespace (' ', '\n', or '\t'). Additionally, one (!) "non-whitespace" character is tolerated after each entry, if it follows directly after the last digit. After it, there must be one or more whitespace characters. Whole-number versions except VQI_read: By default, the numbers to be read are interpreted as decimal numbers. You may use V_setRadix to define any radix between 2 and 36.
Pascal/Delphi specific: | The entries to be read must be separated by whitespace (' ', #13, or #9). Whereas the C/C++ version of these functions follows the conventions of the C functions strtod, strtol, etc., the Pascal/Delphi version has to follow the rules applying to the Pascal/Delphi function Read. This makes the Pascal/Delphi version much less flexible than the C version: - no separation characters allowed other than ' ' and #9, - no automatic truncation of overflowing numbers, - no function V_setRadix
Error handling | C/C++: Real, complex and quad versions: Overflowing numbers are silently truncated to ±HUGE_VAL. Whole-number versions except VQI_read: As long as the numbers can be represented as long or unsigned long, overflowing bits are ignored in the 16-bit versions. Numbers beyond the long range yield -1 (signed types) or +HUGE_VAL (unsigned types). Pascal/Delphi: Overflowing numbers or numbers otherwise not conforming to the format requirements lead to an I/O error.
Return value | none
See also | VF_nread, VF_write, VF_store, VF_recall, strtod, strtol

VCF_real | VCD_real | VCE_real
VPF_real | VPD_real | VPE_real
Function | Real part of a complex vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VCF_real( fVector Re, cfVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::real( const vector<complex<T>>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_real( Re:fVector; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | Identical to VF_CtoRe, VD_CtoRe, and VE_CtoRe. See these functions for details.

VF_recall | VD_recall | VE_recall
VCF_recall | VCD_recall | VCE_recall
VPF_recall | VPD_recall | VPE_recall
VI_recall | VBI_recall | VSI_recall | VLI_recall | VQI_recall
VU_recall | VUB_recall | VUS_recall | VUL_recall | VUI_recall
Function | Read a vector in binary format from a stream
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_recall( fVector X, ui size, FILE *stream );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::recall( FILE *stream );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_recall( X:fVector; size:UInt; var Stream:FILE );
Description | size elements of X are read from stream in binary format. Normally, these functions are used to retrieve data stored by the respective function of the VF_store family. The data type for reading and writing has to be the same. It is not possible to, e.g., store data by VF_store and recall them by VD_recall (in contrast to the corresponding write/read functions in ASCII format, see VF_read). The VecObj version differs from the "normal" C/C++ version in that it reads vector objects, not only the vector elements. It first reads a ui, giving the size of the vector, and then size elements, whereas the V?_recall functions assume size as known and take it as an argument. Therefore, the VecObj function recall can be used only to read vector objects previously stored with the VecObj function store, but not vectors stored with one of the V?_store functions.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_store, VF_write, VF_print, fwrite, fread

VF_redC | VD_redC | VE_redC
Function | "Reduce" by a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_redC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::redC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_redC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = red( Xi, C ) = Xi * C / (Xi + C) Expressions of this type are frequently used in physics; for example, the "reduced mass" of a two-body system is the product of both masses divided by their sum.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_redV, VF_addC, VF_subC, VF_divC, VF_visC

VF_redV | VD_redV | VE_redV
VFx_redV | VDx_redV | VEx_redV
Function | "Reduce" by corresponding vector elements
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_redV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_redV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::redV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_redV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_redV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_redV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single );
Description | normal versions: Zi = red( Xi, Yi ) = Xi * Yi / (Xi + Yi) expanded versions: xi = (A * Xi + B), Zi = red( xi, Yi )
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_redC, VF_addV, VF_subV, VF_divV, VF_visV

VF_reflect | VD_reflect | VE_reflect
VCF_reflect | VCD_reflect | VCE_reflect
VPF_reflect | VPD_reflect | VPE_reflect
VI_reflect | VBI_reflect | VSI_reflect | VLI_reflect | VQI_reflect
VU_reflect | VUB_reflect | VUS_reflect | VUL_reflect | VUI_reflect
Function | Derive the second half of a vector from the first half by reflection at the midpoint.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_reflect( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::reflect();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_reflect( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xsize-i-1 = Xi, i=0,...,(size-1)/2 The elements of the lower half of a vector are copied in reverse order into the upper half, i.e., the zero'th element is copied to the last, the element number 1 to the second last, and so on. The elements of the first half are not affected by this operation. This function will be used, e.g., to construct a response function for convolutions (see VF_convolve). In this case, note that the zero'th element is to appear only once in the response function and must not be included in the reflection by VF_reflect. Therefore, you have to calculate the response function for size/2+1 elements and to apply reflection from element 1 on. For an example, see VF_convolve.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_rotate, VF_rev, VF_convolve, VF_deconvolve, VF_filter

VF_ReImtoC | VD_ReImtoC | VE_ReImtoC
Function | Construct a cartesian complex vector from real and imaginary parts
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_ReImtoC( cfVector Y, fVector Re, fVector Im, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::ReImtoC( const vector<T>& Re, const vector<T>& Im );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_ReImtoC( X:cfVector; Re, Im:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The complex vector Y is constructed from two real vectors that become the real and imaginary parts of Y.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoReIm, VF_RetoC, VF_PolartoC

VF_ReImtoP | VD_ReImtoP | VE_ReImtoP
Function | Construct a polar complex vector from real and imaginary parts
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VPFstd.h> void VF_ReImtoP( pfVector Y, fVector Re, fVector Im, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<polar<T>>::ReImtoP( const vector<T>& Re, const vector<T>& Im );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VPFstd; procedure VF_ReImtoP( X:pfVector; Re, Im:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The polar complex vector Y is constructed from cartesian coordinates entered as the two real vectors Re and Im.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_PtoReIm, VF_MagArgtoP

VF_RetoC | VD_RetoC | VE_RetoC
Function | Overwrite the real part of a cartesian complex vector with a real vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> void VF_RetoC( cfVector Y, fVector Re, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<complex<T>>::RetoC( const vector<T>& Re );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VF_RetoC( X:cfVector; Re:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The real part of the complex vector Y is overwritten with the elements of the real-valued vector Re. The imaginary part of Y is not affected.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_CtoReIm, VF_ReImtoC, VF_ImtoC, VF_PolartoC

VF_rev | VD_rev | VE_rev
VCF_rev | VCD_rev | VCE_rev
VPF_rev | VPD_rev | VPE_rev
VI_rev | VBI_rev | VSI_rev | VLI_rev | VQI_rev
VU_rev | VUB_rev | VUS_rev | VUL_rev | VUI_rev
Function | Reverse the ordering of the elements of a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_rev( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::rev( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_rev( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Yi = Xsize-i-1
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_reflect, VF_rotate

VF_rms | VD_rms | VE_rms
Function | Root of the mean square
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_rms( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::rms();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_rms( X:fVector; size:UInt ); Single;
Description | rms = sqrt( (1/size) * sum( Xi2 ) )
Error handling | none
Return value | rms
See also | VF_ssq, VF_Euclid, VF_mean

VF_rotate | VD_rotate | VE_rotate
VCF_rotate | VCD_rotate | VCE_rotate
VPF_rotate | VPD_rotate | VPE_rotate
VI_rotate | VBI_rotate | VSI_rotate | VLI_rotate | VQI_rotate
VU_rotate | VUB_rotate | VUS_rotate | VUL_rotate | VUI_rotate
Function | Rotate the ordering of the elements of a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_rotate( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int pos );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::rotate( const vector<T>& X, int pos );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_rotate( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; pos:Integer );
Description | Yi = Xsize-pos+i, i=0,..,pos-1 Yi = Xi-pos, i=pos,..,size-1 The output vector equals the rotated input vector. Clockwise rotation is achieved by a positive number pos.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_reflect, VF_rev

VF_rotateCoordinates | VD_rotateCoordinates | VE_rotateCoordinates
VCF_rotateCoordinates | VCD_rotateCoordinates | VCE_rotateCoordinates
Function | Counter-clockwise rotation of cartesian coordinates
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_rotateCoordinates( fVector Xrot, fVector Yrot, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float costheta, float sintheta ); void VCF_rotateCoordinates( cfVector XYrot, cfVector XY, ui size, float costheta, float sintheta );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::rotateCoordinates( const vector<T>& Yrot, const vector<T>& X,const vector<T>& Y, T costheta, T sintheta ); void vector<complex<T> >::rotateCoordinates( const vector<complex<T> >& XY, T costheta, T sintheta );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_rotateCoordinates( Xrot, Yrot, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; costheta, sintheta:Single ); procedure VCF_rotateCoordinates( XYrot, XY:cfVector; size:UInt; costheta, sintheta:Single );
Description | The coordinates specified either in the real vector pair X,Y or in the complex vector XY are rotated counter-clockwise by the angle theta, specified as its cosine and sine, costheta and sintheta: Xroti = cos(theta) * Xi - sin(theta) * Yi, Yroti = sin(theta) * Xi + cos(theta) * Yi The result can be scaled by a constant factor: Just multiply the arguments costheta and sintheta by the desired scaling factor. costheta and sintheta need not actually correspond to any real angle.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_lincomb

VF_round | VD_round | VE_round
VF_roundtoI | VD_roundtoI | VE_roundtoI
VF_roundtoBI | VD_roundtoBI | VE_roundtoBI
VF_roundtoSI | VD_roundtoSI | VE_roundtoSI
VF_roundtoLI | VD_roundtoLI | VE_roundtoLI
VF_roundtoQI | VD_roundtoQI | VE_roundtoQI
VF_roundtoU | VD_roundtoU | VE_roundtoU
VF_roundtoUB | VD_roundtoUB | VE_roundtoUB
VF_roundtoUS | VD_roundtoUS | VE_roundtoUS
VF_roundtoUL | VD_roundtoUL | VE_roundtoUL
VF_roundtoUI | VD_roundtoUI | VE_roundtoUI
Function | Rounding to the nearest whole number.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_round( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_roundtoI( iVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_roundtoLI( liVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::round( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<int>::roundtoI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<long>::roundtoLI( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_round( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_roundtoI( Y:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_roundtoLI( Y:liVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Each element of X is rounded to the nearest integer value. In case of a fractional part of exactly 0.5, the nearest even integer value is chosen and stored in Y. For example, 2.5 is rounded to 2, and 3.5 is rounded to 4. The functions VF_roundtoI, VF_roundtoLI, VF_roundtoU, etc. convert the result into the various integer data types.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors are handled by setting the result to the extreme value possible. Negative numbers in the versions VF_roundtoU, VF_roundtoUB, VF_roundtoUS, VF_roundtoUL, and VF_roundtoUI lead to DOMAIN errors; they are handled by setting the result to 0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_ceil, VF_floor, VF_chop, VF_trunc

VF_runintegralC | VD_runintegralC | VE_runintegralC
Function | "running integral" of an array sampled at equally-spaced abscissa points.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_runintegralC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float DeltaT );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runintegralC( const vector<T>& X, T DeltaT );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_runintegralC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; DeltaT:Single );
Description | The vector X is assumed to be a function of a variable t; the t values themselves are equally spaced. Therefore, only their spacing, DeltaT, must be known to the function. Each element of Y is the integral of all elements of X up to and including the one with the same index. Thus, the last element of Y contains the value of the integral over the whole of X (the area under X). If only this value is of interest, VF_integralC should be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_runintegralV, VF_integralC, VF_derivC, VF_runsum

VF_runintegralV | VD_runintegralV | VE_runintegralV
Function | "running integral"
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_runintegralV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runintegralV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_runintegralV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Y is a function of the variable x which is represented by X. Each element of Z is the integral over all elements of Y up to and including the one with the same index. The first element of Z is always FALSE (0).0. The last element of Z is equal to the value of the integral, i.e. to the area under Y. If only this value of the integral is of interest, VF_integralV should be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_runintegralC, VF_integralV, VF_derivV

VF_runmax | VD_runmax | VE_runmax
VI_runmax | VBI_runmax | VSI_runmax | VLI_runmax | VQI_runmax
VU_runmax | VUB_runmax | VUS_runmax | VUL_runmax | VUI_runmax
Function | "running" maximum.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_runmax( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runmax( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_runmax( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of Y is the maximum of the corresponding and all preceding elements of X.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_max, VF_runmin, VF_runsum

VF_runmin | VD_runmin | VE_runmin
VI_runmin | VBI_runmin | VSI_runmin | VLI_runmin | VQI_runmin
VU_runmin | VUB_runmin | VUS_runmin | VUL_runmin | VUI_runmin
Function | "running" minimum
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_runmin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runmin( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_runmin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of Y is the minimum of the corresponding and all preceding elements of X.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_min, VF_runmax, VF_runsum

VF_runprod | VD_runprod | VE_runprod
VCF_runprod | VCD_runprod | VCE_runprod
VPF_runprod | VPD_runprod | VPE_runprod
Function | "running" product
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_runprod( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runprod( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_runprod( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of Y is the product of the corresponding and all preceding elements of X. This function should be used with care: overflow is easily reached, and underflow may lead to all elements from a certain position on being zero.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_prod, VF_runsum

VF_runsum | VD_runsum | VE_runsum
VCF_runsum | VCD_runsum | VCE_runsum
VI_runsum | VBI_runsum | VSI_runsum | VLI_runsum | VQI_runsum
VU_runsum | VUB_runsum | VUS_runsum | VUL_runsum | VUI_runsum
Function | "running" sum
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_runsum( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::runsum( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_runsum( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of Y is the sum of the corresponding and all preceding elements of X.
Error handling | none (but be careful: this function may easily overflow!)
Return value | none
See also | VF_sum, VF_runprod

VCF_sabsmax | VCD_sabsmax | VCE_sabsmax
Function | Largest complex vector element in terms of the sum |Re| + |Im|
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_sabsmax( cfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<complex<T>>::sabsmax();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_sabsmax( var Max:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | By the criterion of the sum |Re| + |Im|, the largest element of a cartesian complex vector is found and returned. In many applications, this function may serve as a much faster replacement for VCF_cabsmax. The latter function uses the absolute value, sqrt(Re2 + Im2), as its criterion.
Error handling | none
Return value | largest element
See also | VCF_absmax, VCF_absmaxReIm, VCF_cabsmax

VCF_sabsmin | VCD_sabsmin | VCE_sabsmin
Function | Smallest complex vector element in terms of the sum |Re| + |Im|
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VCFstd.h> fComplex VCF_sabsmin( cfVector X, ui size);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<complex<T>>::sabsmin();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VCFstd; procedure VCF_sabsmin( var Min:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt );
Description | By the criterion of the sum |Re| + |Im|, the smallest element of a cartesian complex vector is found and returned. In many applications, this function may serve as a much faster replacement for VCF_cabsmin. The latter function uses the absolute value, sqrt(Re2 + Im2), as its criterion.
Error handling | none
Return value | smallest element
See also | VCF_absmin, VCF_absminReIm, VCF_cabsmin

VF_scale10 | VD_scale10 | VE_scale10
Function | Scaling by an integer power of 10.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_scale10( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::scale10( const vector<T>& X, int Expo );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_scale10( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = Xi * (10 Expo) Note that higher powers of ten are not representable as exact numbers, which may lead to the introduction of round-off error by the scaling. If this is a problem, VF_scale2 should be used instead.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_scale2, VF_mantexp

VF_scale2 | VD_scale2 | VE_scale2
Function | Scaling by an integer power of 2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_scale2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int Expo );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::scale2( const vector<T>& X, int Expo );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_scale2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; Expo:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = Xi * (2 Expo)
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_scale10, VF_mantexp, ldexp (C/C++)

VF_scalprod | VD_scalprod | VE_scalprod
Function | Scalar product of two vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_scalprod( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::scalprod( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_scalprod( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | scalprod = sum( Xi * Yi ) The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding elements. The scalar product of a vector with itself is the square of its magnitude and may be calculated using the function VF_ssq.
Error handling | none
Return value | product
See also | VF_prod, VF_xprod, VF_sum, VF_ssq

VF_searchC | VD_searchC | VE_searchC
Function | Binary searches of an ordered table for the entry coming closest to a specified value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> ui VF_searchC( fVector X, ui size, float C, int mode );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> ui vector<T>::searchC( const T& C, int mode );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_searchC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single; mode:Integer ):UInt;
Description | In a binary search, the element of X is located that is closest to the value specified as C. X has to be an ordered table (either ascending or descending); if this condition is not fulfilled, the result will be wrong. If C is outside the range covered by X, the first or the last element of X is chosen, whichever is closer to C. If C is within the range of the table, three modes of the search are available:
mode = +1: | find the next element greater than or equal to C
mode = 0: | find the element closest to C; if two elements are within equal distance, choose the lower index
mode = -1: | find the next element less than or equal to C
Error handling | none
Return value | index of the element found.
See also | VF_searchV, VF_sort, VF_polyinterpol

VF_searchV | VD_searchV | VE_searchV
Function | Binary search of an ordered table for the entries coming closest to the values specified as the elements of a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_searchV( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui sizex, fVector Tab, ui sizetab, int mode );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<ui>::searchV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Tab, int mode );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_searchV( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; sizex:UInt; Tab:fVector; sizetab:UInt; mode:Integer );
Description | For each element of X, the element of the table Tab is located that is closest to it. Tab has to be ordered (either ascending or descending); if this condition is not fulfilled, the results will be wrong. If Xi is outside the range of the table, the first or the last element of the table is chosen, whichever is appropriate. Otherwise, three modes of the search are available:
mode = +1: | find the next element greater than or equal to Xi
mode = 0: | find the element closest to Xi; if two elements are within equal distance, choose the lower index
mode = -1: | find the next element less than or equal to Xi
sizex is the number of elements of X and of Ind, whereas sizetab denotes the number of elements of the table Tab.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_searchC, VF_indpick, VF_sortind, VF_polyinterpol

VF_sec | VD_sec | VE_sec
VFx_sec | VDx_sec | VEx_sec
Function | Secant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sec( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sec( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sec( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sec( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sec( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sec( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sec( Xi ) = 1 / cos( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sec( A*Xi+B ) The secant is defined as the inverse of the cosine (not to be mistaken for the arcus function arccos). For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as rational multiples of p, it is better to use VF_secrpi than VF_sec.
Error handling | SING or OVERFLOW errors lead to the default result ±HUGE_VAL. TLOSS precision errors lead to a result of 1.0 (as if the input were 0.0).
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sec2, VF_secrpi, VF_cos, VF_sech, cos

VF_sec2 | VD_sec2 | VE_sec2
VFx_sec2 | VDx_sec2 | VEx_sec2
Function | Square of the secant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sec2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sec2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sec2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sec2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sec2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sec2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sec2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sec2( A*Xi+B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards.
Error handling | For SING and OVERFLOW errors, the default result is HUGE_VAL (multiplied by the sign of C in the expanded versions); TLOSS errors lead to a default result of 1.0 or C, resp. (as if the input were 0.0).
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sec, VF_secrpi

VF_sech | VD_sech | VE_sech
VFx_sech | VDx_sech | VEx_sech
Function | Hyperbolic secant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sech( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sech( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sech( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sech( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sech( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sech( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sech( Xi ) = 2 / (exp( Xi ) + exp( -Xi )) expanded versions: Yi = C * sech( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_sinh, VF_sech2, VF_exp, sinh

VF_sech2 | VD_sech2 | VE_sech2
VFx_sech2 | VDx_sech2 | VEx_sech2
Function | Square of the hyperbolic secant function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sech2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sech2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sech2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sech2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sech2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sech2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sech2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sech2( A*Xi+B ) The sech2 function is used in physics, e.g., to describe the shape of ultrashort light pulses. Compared to a Gaussian or Lorentzian pulse shape of the same autocorrelation width (see VF_autocorr), the sech2 function has the smallest FWHM (full width to half maximum).
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_sech, VF_sinh, VF_exp, VF_Gauss, VF_Lorentz

VF_secrpi | VD_secrpi | VE_secrpi
VF_secrpi2 | VD_secrpi2 | VE_secrpi2
VF_secrpi3 | VD_secrpi3 | VE_secrpi3
Function | Secant function of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_secrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_secrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_secrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::secrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::secrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::secrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_secrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_secrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_secrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = sec( (Pi / q) * p ) The secant of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_secrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_secrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version utilizing a look-up table. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_secrpi3 should be used. VF_secrpi2 and VF_secrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the tables.
Error handling | SING errors occur if Pi / q is an odd multiple of 1/2; the default result is 0.0 (which is the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL; similarly to VF_cosecrpi2, 0.0 is chosen irrespective to the fact that it is not a valid result of the secant function!); q must be non-zero; this is, however, not tested for.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sec, cos

VF_selected_mean | VD_selected_mean | VE_selected_mean
Function | Mean of the elements of a one-dimensional distribution, falling into a specified interval
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_selected_mean( ui *nsel, fVector X, ui size float XMin, float XMax );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::selected_mean( ui *nsel, T XMin, T XMax );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_selected_mean( var nsel:Uint; X:fVector; size:UInt; XMin, XMax:Single ): Single;
Description | Those elements of X are selected, which fall into the interval XMin <= Xi <= XMax. Their mean is calculated, and the number of selected elements is stored at the address nsel. If this number is not needed, nsel may be passed to the function as NULL (C/C++) or nil (Pascal/Delphi).
Error handling | none
Return value | Mean of the selected vector elements
See also | VF_mean

V_setCoordSystem
Function | Restore the scalings and position of a coordinate system previously saved by V_getCoordSystem
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_setCoordSystem( VCOORDSYSTEM *csys );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_setCoordSystem( csys: VCOORDSYSTEM );
Description | If one wants to "hop" between several coordinate systems, displayed in one and the same window, one has to store the specifications (position and scalings) of each coordinate system separately, using V_getCoordSystem, and to retrieve them as needed, using this function. The address of a struct VCOORDSYSTEM is passed as the argument. VCOORDSYSTEM is defined in <Vgraph.h> (C/C++) or the unit Vgraph (Pascal/Delphi). For an example, see V_getCoordSystem.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_getCoordSystem, V_setPlotRegion, V_continuePlot

V_setErrorEventFile
Function | Prepare a file for printing error messages into it
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_setErrorEventFile( char *filename, unsigned ScreenAndFile );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_setErrorEventFile( filename:PChar; ScreenAndFile:IntBool );
Description | This function determines where to print messages notifying math errors that occur within VectorLib routines. filename is the desired name of the event file (often called "log-file"). ScreenAndFile decides if you wish to have error messages printed simultaneously into the file and onto the screen (ScreenAndFile = TRUE (non-zero)) or exclusively into the file (ScreenAndFile = FALSE (0)). The default, i.e., printing error messages to the screen, is restored by V_closeErrorEventFile. This function will not be included in versions of OptiVec for compilers which offer the possibility of printing error messages simultaneously to the screen and into an event file. If a user-defined _matherr function (C/C++) or any other custom error handler (both C/C++ and Pascal/Delphi) calls V_noteError, also errors occurring outside OptiVec routines w ill lead to a message printed into the event file (see chapter 5.5).
Error handling | If the desired event file cannot be opened or created, the program is aborted with a message "Cannot open error event file".
Return value | none
See also | V_noteError, V_closeErrorEventFile

V_setFPAccuracy
Function | Set the coprecessor to a specific precision
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> void V_getFPAccuracy( unsigned level );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure V_getFPAccuracy( level:UInt );
Description | This function changes the FPU Control-Word to switch the FPU to a specified accuracy, passed to the function as the argument level. For level=1, float / Single precision is obtained, level=2 leads to double precision, whereas level=3 switches the FPU into extended precision. The actual accuracy the coprocessor is switched to may be read through V_getFPAccuracy. Operating the floating-point processor at float / Single precision may significantly speed up program execution, especially for any functions involving divisions and on Pentium or higher. This is true for functions (including OptiVec functions) of any floating-point data type. Thereby, you may even operate VD_ and VE_ functions at float / Single accuracy – preserving double or extended range, but calculating results to single precision only. There are, however, several groups of functions which rely on full coprocessor accuracy for intermediate results, or which use precision-controlled iterations. Obviously, if the FPU operates in single precision only, such a function will never attain double precision and may get caught in an infinite loop. You should never call any of the following functions while the FPU is switched to single precision (or, for VE_ functions, to double precision): V?_Kepler, M?_SVdecompose, or any of the nonlinear data fitting functions like VF_nonlinfit.
Return value | none
See also | V_getFPAccuracy

V_setFPErrorHandling
Function | Define the action taken in the case of floating-point errors (Pascal/Delphi only).
Syntax Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; type V_fphand = 0..$1717; procedure V_setFPErrorHandling( hand:V_fpHand );
Description | As Pascal/Delphi does not handle floating-point errors through a user-definable function _matherr, as does C/C++, the function V_setFPErrorHandling is offered in OptiVec as a means for the programmer to exert at least some control over the actions to be taken in the case of floating-point errors occurring within OptiVec functions. A number of pre-defined constants fperrXXX is available for the construction of the desired error-handling mode:
Constant | Value | Meaning
fperrIgnore | 0 | Ignore all floating-point errors: handle them silently, do not print a message, continue program execution
fperrNoteDOMAIN | $0001 | Print a message in case of a DOMAIN error
fperrNoteSING | $0002 | Print a message in case of a SING error
fperrNoteOVERFLOW | $0003 | Print a message in case of an OVERFLOW error
fperrNoteTLOSS | $0004 | Print a message in case of a TLOSS error
fperrAbortDOMAIN | $0101 | Abort program in case of a DOMAIN error
fperrAbortSING | $0202 | Abort program in case of a SING error
fperrAbortOVERFLOW | $0303 | Abort program in case of an OVERFLOW error
fperrAbortTLOSS | $0404 | Abort program in case of a TLOSS error
fperrDefaultHandling | $0107 | Same as fperrAbortDOMAIN or fperrNoteSING or fperrNoteOVERFLOW
Example | V_setFPErrorHandling( fperrAbortDOMAIN + fperrAbortSING + fperrAbortOVERFLOW + fperrNoteTLOSS ); In this example, program execution will be aborted (with the appropriate message) in the case of the most severe errors, DOMAIN and SING. In the case of OVERFLOW and TLOSS errors, a warning will be displayed, but program execution will be continued with default results set by the respective functions where the errors occur. The repeated occurrence of the same type of error within one and the same function will lead to only one message being generated. Subsequent errors will be treated silently.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_setIntErrorHandling, V_setErrorEventFile, V_noteError, V_printErrorMsg

V_setIntErrorHandling
Function | Define the action taken in the case of INTEGER OVERFLOW and INTEGER DOMAIN errors.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> typedef enum { ierrIgnore = 0, ierrNote, ierrAbort } V_ihand; void V_setIntErrorHandling( V_ihand ihand );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; type V_ihand = 0..2; procedure V_setIntErrorHandling( ihand:V_iHand );
Description | This function allows to set the handling mode for OVERFLOW and DOMAIN errors occurring within integer functions of OptiVec. It has to be called with one of the following pre-defined constants as argument: ierrIgnore = 0; ierrNote = 1; ierrAbort = 2; The default is that these errors are ignored, i.e., they are treated by discarding overflowing bits (see chapter 5.2 for details on integer error handling). If you wish to change this behaviour, call, e.g., V_setIntErrorHandling( ierrNote ); and add the letter "o" to the prefixes of those integer functions for which you wish to trap errors: VIo_, VUSo_, etc.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_setFPErrorHandling, V_setErrorEventFile, V_noteError, V_printErrorMsg, chapter 5.2

V_setLineThickness
Function | Modify the line thickness used in plotting functions
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_setLineThickness( unsigned linethickness );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_setLineThickness( linethickness:UInt );
Description | The line thickness used in the plotting functions VF_xyAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, etc., is set to linethickness. To reset the default value, call V_setLineThickness with linethickness = 1. DOS: There are only two possible values for linethickness: C/C++: NORM_WIDTH = 1 and THICK_WIDTH = 3. Pascal/Delphi: NormWidth = 1 and ThickWidth = 3. Any value of linethickness below 3 is interpreted as NORM_WIDTH, any value above 3 is taken as THICK_WIDTH. Windows: Any value of linethickness between 1 and 500 is allowed, useful values ranging from 1 to about 10. A minimum thickness of one pixel is always secured, even if linethickness is set to 0. Note that broken or dotted lines are plotted accurately only with a linethicknes of 1. At higher values of linethickness, all lines will look like solid lines. Thicker lines are plotted considerably slower than thinner ones.
Error handling | DOS: "silent" correction of the input value. Windows: A value of linethickness greater than 500 leads to a warning message "Cannot use line thicker than 500 pixels." Program execution is continued with linethickness set to 500.
Return value | none
See also | VF_xyAutoPlot, V_setSymbolSize

VF_setNWriteSeparate | VD_setNWriteSeparate | VE_setNWriteSeparate
VCF_setNWriteSeparate | VCD_setNWriteSeparate | VCE_setNWriteSeparate
VPF_setNWriteSeparate | VPD_setNWriteSeparate | VPE_setNWriteSeparate
VI_setNWriteSeparate | VBI_setNWriteSeparate | VSI_setNWriteSeparate
VLI_setNWriteSeparate | VQI_setNWriteSeparate
VU_setNWriteSeparate | VUB_setNWriteSeparate | VUS_setNWriteSeparate
VUL_setNWriteSeparate | VUI_setNWriteSeparate
Function | Definition of the string to be used by the V.._nwrite functions to separate table entries.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_setNWriteSeparate( char *SepString );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_setNWriteSeparate( SepString:PChar );
Description | This function defines the character string to be inserted between the columns of a table written by VF_nwrite. VF_setNWriteSeparate does not influence the end of each line which is always a line-feed character ("\n" for C/C++ and #13 for Pascal/Delphi). SepString may contain up to twelve characters. The default setting is a tab character ("\t" for C/C++ and #9 for Pascal/Delphi).
Error handling | In the case of SepString longer than twelve characters, the program is aborted with the error message "Invalid Parameter(s)". The contents of SepString is not checked.
Return value | none
See also | VF_setWriteFormat, VF_setWriteSeparate, VF_nwrite, VF_nread

VF_setODThresh | VD_setODThresh | VE_setODThresh
VU_setODThresh | VUB_setODThresh | VUS_setODThresh
VUL_setODThresh | VQI_setODThresh
Function | Set the threshold for optical density calculation
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_setODThresh( float minX, float minX0 );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec> void vector<T>::setODThresh( T minX, T minX0 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_setODThresh( minX, minX0:Single );
Description | As described for VF_OD and VF_ODwDark, the threshold below which input numbers for these functions are regarded as "experimental noise", with the OD being set to 0.0, can be set to any positive number by VF_setODThresh etc.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_OD, VF_ODwDark

V_setPlotRegion
Function | Defines a screen or printer-page region to be used by VectorLib plotting operations.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_setPlotRegion( int left, int top, int right, int bottom );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_setPlotRegion( left, top, right, bottom:Integer);
Description | The rectangular region defined by the parameters, passed to V_setPlotRegion, will hold the coordinate system including all labels generated by future calls to VectorLib plotting functions such as VF_xyAutoPlot. The parameters left, top, right, and bottom are in pixels, counting from the upper left corner of the screen or of the printer page. V_setPlotRegion has to be called after (!) V_initPlot or V_initPrint.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | V_initPlot, V_initPrint

V_setRadix
Function | Define the radix for the whole-number read functions: C/C++ only!
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VIstd.h> (or <VSIstd.h>, <VLIstd.h>, <VUstd.h>, ... *) void V_setRadix( int radix );
Description | By default, the V.._read functions for the whole-number data types interpret all numbers as decimal numbers. V_setRadix allows to change this default behaviour. The radix set by V_setRadix will be used in VI_read, VI_nread and their VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, VUB_, VUS_, VU_, VUL_, and VUL_ analogues. It does, however, not affect VQI_read or VQI_nread (where the radix is always 10). radix may take on values between 2 and 36 or 0. In the case of radix=0, the basis of each number is determined at run-time: All numbers beginning with the ciphers 1-9 are recognized as decimal numbers. All numbers beginning with "0x" are interpreted as hexadecimal and all numbers beginning with "0" without "x" are read as octal numbers.
Error handling | radix < 0, radix=1, or radix > 36 lead to a program abort with the error message "Invalid Parameter(s)".
Return value | none
See also | VI_read, VI_nread, strtol, strtoul

VF_setRspEdit | VD_setRspEdit | VE_setRspEdit
Function | Modify the treatment of round-off errors in VF_convolve and VF_deconvolve
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_setRspEdit( fComplex Trunc );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::setRspEdit( const complex<T>& Trunc );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_setRspEdit( Trunc:fComplex );
Description | In the functions VF_convolve and VF_deconvolve, a frequency filter is calculated by Fourier-transforming a given response function. The filter is then applied to a vector. Due to accumulated round-off, filter elements that should be zero may be not so, but contain small non-zero numbers. The maximum round-off error in the construction of Flt accumulates roughly to (size * big * prec), where big is the largest element of Flt and prec the relative floating-point precision. Any element smaller than that should be regarded as zero. In order to determine the exact threshold for the real and imaginary parts separately, the function uses the real and imaginary parts of Trunc, substituting them for prec in the above expression. Normally, you would choose Trunc.Re = Trunc.Im, although a stricter (i.e. larger) value for Trunc.Im is also reasonable. By default, Trunc.Re = 16*EPSILON and Trunc.Im = 32*EPSILON, where EPSILON is the relative floating-point accuracy of the respective data type. (For C/C++, EPSILON is FLT_EPSILON, DBL_EPSILON, or LDBL_EPSILON, as defined in <float.h>). In order to switch the editing of the filter completely off, choose Trunc.Re = Trunc.Im = 0. During convolutions, the editing of the filter leads to slightly smoother results. During deconvolutions, the editing has also another meaning: for all "lost" frequencies (i.e., those for which the Fourier transform of the response function contains only numbers near zero), the filter is set to 0 instead of the inverse of these small numbers. Thereby, possible OVERFLOW and SING errors are avoided. To read the currently set threshold, call VF_getRspEdit.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_convolve, VF_deconvolve, VF_getRspEdit

V_setSymbolSize
Function | Modify the size of the symbols used in plotting functions
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void V_setSymbolSize( float symsiz );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure V_setSymbolSize( symsize:Single );
Description | The size of the symbols used in the plotting functions VF_xyAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, etc., is modified by scaling with symsiz. To reset the symbol size to the default value, call V_setSymbolSize with symsiz=1.0. Note that it is not possible to make the symbols completely vanish (e.g., by setting symsiz = 0.0), since a minimum radius of one pixel is always secured. Useful values of symsiz range from about 0.5 to 5.0. Values above 50.0 are prohibited. When magnifying the symbols, you should also consider modifying the thickness of the connecting lines, if you are using any. See V_setLineThickness. Note: An automatic scaling is always performed in order to maintain a constant relation between the symbol size and the overall size of the coordinate grid (which is especially important for Windows applications). The factor symsiz of this function scales the symbol size with respect to the automatically-found value. The automatic scaling cannot be switched off.
Error handling | DOS: "silent" correction of the input value. Windows: A value of symsiz greater than 50.0 leads to a warning message "Cannot scale symbols by more than a factor of 50.0". Program execution is continued with symsiz set to 50.0.
Return value | none
See also | VF_xyAutoPlot, V_setLineThickness

VF_setWriteFormat | VD_setWriteFormat | VE_setWriteFormat
VCF_setWriteFormat | VCD_setWriteFormat | VCE_setWriteFormat
VPF_setWriteFormat | VPD_setWriteFormat | VPE_setWriteFormat
VI_setWriteFormat | VBI_setWriteFormant | VSI_setWriteFormat
VLI_setWriteFormat | VQI_setWriteFormat
VU_setWriteFormat | VUB_setWriteFormat | VUS_setWriteFormat
VUL_setWriteFormat | VUI_setWriteFormat
Function | Definition of the format to be used by V.._write and V.._nwrite: C/C++ only!
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_setWriteFormat( char *FormatString );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::setWriteFormat( char *FormatString );
Description | The functions of the VF_write and VF_nwrite families employ internally the ANSI C function fprintf in order to print numbers into a stream. According to the rules described in the documentation of your C compiler's printf function, the format may be specified as fits your needs. When defining a write format, one should always be aware of the restrictions imposed by the read functions (not all formats you can write will be read correcly, see VF_read). VF_setWriteFormat should not be used for the definition of whitespace before or after the numbers. This is the task of VF_setWriteSeparate. For details about the formats used for each of the various data types, please refer to the following table. The last column of this table gives the maximum length of the format string.
Version | Standard Format | Alternative Example | max. length
VF_ | "% 11.8e" | "% 8.4f" | 16
VD_ | "% 19.16le" | "% 16.8lf" | 16
VE_ | "% 22.19Le" | "% 22.19LG" | 16
VCF_ | "% 11.8e, % 11.8e" | "{% 8.4f, % 8.4f}" | 32
VCD_ | "% 19.16le, % 19.16le" | "{% 19.16lE % 19.16lE}" | 32
VCE_ | "% 22.19Le, % 22.19Le" | "{% 22.19Lg % 22.19Lg}" | 32
VPF_ | "% 11.8e @% 11.8e" | "{% 8.4f @% 8.4f}" | 32
VPD_ | "% 19.16le @% 19.16le" | "{% 19.16lE @% 19.16lE}" | 32
VPE_ | "% 22.19Le @% 22.19Le" | "{% 22.19Lg @% 22.19Lg}" | 32
VI_ | 32-bit: "% 10d" 16-bit: "% 5d" | "0x% 8x" "0x% 4x" | 12 12
VBI_ | "% 3hd" | "0x% 2hX" | 12
VSI_ | "% 5hd" | "0x% 4hX" | 12
VLI_ | "% 10ld" | "%08lXh" | 12
VQI_ | "% 20.0Lf" |  | 16
VU_ | 32-bit: "% 10u" 16-bit "% 5u" | "%04xh" "%04xh" | 12 12
VUB_ | "% 3hu" | "0%02ho" | 12
VUS_ | "% 5hu" | "0%04ho" | 12
VUL_ | "% 10lu" | "0%08lO" | 12
The data type quad is converted into extended before being passed to fprintf (which, at present, does not support quads). This explains why the format string in the VQI_ version tells fprintf to expect a long double. Similarly, byte-sized integers are extended to 16-bit, so that the format specifier has to be for 16-bit numbers.
Error handling | Format strings longer than the maximum length specified in the above table lead to a program abort with the error message "Invalid Parameter(s)". The contents of the format string is not checked. So you have to be very careful to specify a format which is valid for the respective data type.
Return value | none
See also | VF_setWriteSeparate, VF_write, VF_nwrite, VF_read, VF_nread

VF_setWriteSeparate | VD_setWriteSeparate | VE_setWriteSeparate
VCF_setWriteSeparate | VCD_setWriteSeparate | VCE_setWriteSeparate
VPF_setWriteSeparate | VPD_setWriteSeparate | VPE_setWriteSeparate
VI_setWriteSeparate | VBI_setWriteSeparate | VSI_setWriteSeparate
VLI_setWriteSeparate | VQI_setWriteSeparate
VU_setWriteSeparate | VUB_setWriteSeparate | VUS_setWriteSeparate
VUL_setWriteSeparate | VUI_setWriteSeparate
Function | Definition of the separation string used by V.._write
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_setWriteSeparate( char *SepString );
| C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::setWriteSeparate( char *SepString );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_setWriteSeparate( SepString:PChar );

Description | By default, VF_write puts a line feed character after each vector element written into a stream. This means that each element gets its own line. You may use VF_setWriteSeparate to define another separation string. This may be, for example, a tab character ("\t" for C/C++ or #9 for Pascal/Delphi) or a series of spaces (e.g., " " for C/C++ or ' ' for Pascal/Delphi). VF_write will insert the separation string only in between the vector elements. At the end, after the last element, there is always a line feed ("\n") instead of the separation string. SepString may contain up to twelve characters. C/C++ only: If you use VF_write with the output sent directly to the printer (stream = stdprn), you probably have to explicitly use a carriage return character in addition to the line feed. To do this, call VF_setWriteSeparate( "\n\r" );

Error handling | In the case of SepString longer than twelve characters, the program is aborted with the error message "Invalid Parameter(s)". The contents of SepString is not checked.

Return value | none

See also | VF_setWriteFormat, VF_setNWriteSeparate, VF_write, VF_read

VF_sgn | VD_sgn | VE_sgn
Function | Signum function, compares each element of a vector with 0.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_sgn( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::sgn( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_sgn( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Each element of X is compared with 0 and the result of the comparison stored in Y: Yi = +1.0, if Xi > 0 Yi = 0.0, if Xi = 0 Yi = -1.0, if Xi < 0. This function is identical to VF_cmp0.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_cmp_..., VF_cmpC, VF_cmpV

VI_shl | VBI_shl | VSI_shl | VLI_shl | VQI_shl
VU_shl | VUB_shl | VUS_shl | VUL_shl | VUI_shl
Function | "Shift to the left", i.e. multiply by integer powers of 2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_shl( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size, unsigned C ); void VUL_shl( ulVector Y, ulVector X, ui size, unsigned C ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::shl( const vector<T>& X, unsigned C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_shl( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt; C:UInt ); procedure VUL_shl( Y, X:ulVector; size:UInt; C:UInt ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Yi = Xi << C All bits of Xi are shifted to the left by as many positions as indicated in the parameter C. This corresponds to a multiplication by 2C, neglecting possible overflow (in all versions) and loss of the sign bit (for signed numbers, i.e. in the VI_, VBI_, VSI_, VLI_, and VQI_ versions). Note that by shifting 8-bit numbers (VBI_, VUB_ versions) by more than 7 positions, any non-zero bit present in the original number is lost and the result is 0. The same is true for 16-bit numbers (VSI_, VUS_ versions) shifted by more than 15 positions, and for 32-bit numbers (VLI_, VUL_) shifted by more than 31 positions. C is always of the data type unsigned. Shifting by negative numbers C is, therefore, not possible. To perform a right-shift, the appropriate function of the VI_shr family has to be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_mulC, VI_shr

VI_shr | VBI_shr | VSI_shr | VLI_shr | VQI_shr
VU_shr | VUB_shr | VUS_shr | VUL_shr | VUI_shr
Function | "Shift to the right", i.e., divide by integer powers of 2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_shr( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size,unsigned C ); void VUL_shr( ulVector Y, ulVector X, ui size, unsigned C ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::shr( const vector<T>& X, unsigned C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_shr( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt; C:UInt ); procedure VUL_shr( Y, X:ulVector; size:UInt; C:UInt ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | Yi = Xi >> C All bits of Xi are shifted to the right by as many positions as indicated in the parameter C. This corresponds to an integer division by 2C. The sign of Yi is always the same as of Xi. In contrast to explicit integer divisions, the result is always rounded toward minus infinity: -15 / 2 = -7, but -15 >> 1 = -8. Note that by shifting 8-bit numbers by more than 7 positions, any unsigned or positive number yields 0, whereas any negative number yields -1 in this case. The same is true for 16-bit numbers upon shifting by more than 15 positions, and for 32-bit numbers being shifted by more than 31 positions. C is always of the data type unsigned. Shifting by negative numbers C is, therefore, not possible. To perform a left-shift, the appropriate function of the VI_shl family has to be used.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_divC, VI_shl

VF_sin | VD_sin | VE_sin
VFx_sin | VDx_sin | VEx_sin
VFr_sin | VDr_sin | VEr_sin
VFrx_sin | VDrx_sin | VErx_sin
VCF_sin | VCD_sin | VCE_sin
VCFx_sin | VCDx_sin | VCEx_sin
Function | Sine function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VFr_sin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFrx_sin( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sin( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sin( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<T>::r_sin( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::rx_sin( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VFr_sin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFrx_sin( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sin( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sin( A*Xi+B ) For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as fractional multiples of p, it is better to use VF_sinrpi than VF_sin. If, on the other hand, one can be sure that all Xi are within the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p, one can employ the faster reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_.
Error handling | Precision errors lead to a default result of 0.0 and a non-zero return value, but are ignored otherwise; _matherr is not called. OVERFLOW errors can only occur in the complex versions and lead to a result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_sin2, VF_sinrpi, VF_cos, VF_sinh, VF_asin, sin

VF_sin2 | VD_sin2 | VE_sin2
VFx_sin2 | VDx_sin2 | VEx_sin2
VFr_sin2 | VDr_sin2 | VEr_sin2
VFrx_sin2 | VDrx_sin2 | VErx_sin2
Function | Square of the sine function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sin2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sin2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sin2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sin2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sin2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sin2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sin2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sin2( A*Xi+B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards. The reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_ are for situations in which one can be sure that all input values lie in the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p.
Error handling | Precision errors lead to a default result of 0.0 and a non-zero return value, but are otherwise ignored; _matherr is not called. OVERFLOW errors can only occur in the complex versions and lead to a result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sin, VF_sinrpi, sin

VF_sinc | VD_sinc | VE_sinc
VFx_sinc | VDx_sinc | VEx_sinc
Function | Sinc function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sinc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sinc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sinc( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sinc( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sinc( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sinc( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sinc( Xi ) = sin( Xi ) / Xi expanded versions: Yi = C * sinc( A*Xi+B ) The sinc function for an argument of 0.0 is defined as 1.0. The sinc function is the Fourier transform of a square pulse and is used, for example, to describe the diffraction pattern of a slit.
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0).
See also | VF_sin, VF_sinrpi, sin

VF_sincos | VD_sincos | VE_sincos
VFx_sincos | VDx_sincos | VEx_sincos
VFr_sincos | VDr_sincos | VEr_sincos
VFrx_sincos | VDrx_sincos | VErx_sincos
Function | Sine and Cosine simultaneously
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sincos( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sincos( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VFr_sincos( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size ); int VFrx_sincos( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sincos( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sincos( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<T>::r_sincos( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::rx_sincos( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sincos( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sincos( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VFr_sincos( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFrx_sincos( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: YSini = sin( Xi ) YCosi = cos( Xi ) expanded versions: YSini = C * sin( A*Xi+B ) YCosi = C * cos( A*Xi+B ) The sine and the cosine are calculated simultaneously, which is far more efficient than calculating them separately if both of them are needed. For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as fractional multiples of p, it is better to use VF_sincosrpi than VF_sincos. If, on the other hand, one can be sure that all Xi are within the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p, one can employ the faster reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_.
Error handling | Precision errors lead to a result of 0.0 for the sine and 1.0 for the cosine (as if the input were 0.0) along with a non-zero return value, but are otherwise ignored; _matherr is not called. Other errors should not occur.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sincos2, VF_sincosrpi, sin, cos

VF_sincos2 | VD_sincos2 | VE_sincos2
VFx_sincos2 | VDx_sincos2 | VEx_sinco2
VFr_sincos2 | VDr_sincos2 | VEr_sincos2
VFrx_sincos2 | VDrx_sincos2 | VErx_sinco2
Function | Square of the sine and of the cosine simultaneously
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sincos2( fVector YSin2, fVector YCos2, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sincos2( fVector YSin2, fVector YCos2, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C ); int VFr_sincos2( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size ); int VFrx_sincos2(fVector YSin, fVector YCos, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sincos2( vector<T> YCos2, const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sincos2( vector<T> YCos2, const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C ); int vector<T>::r_sincos2( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::rx_sincos2( vector<T> YCos, const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sincos2( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sincos2( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool; function VFr_sincos2( Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFrx_sincos2(Sin, Cos, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: YSin2i = sin2( Xi ) YCos2i = cos2( Xi ) expanded versions: YSin2i = C * sin2( A*Xi+B ) YCos2i = C * cos2( A*Xi+B ) The squared sine and the squared cosine are calculated simultaneously, which is far more efficient than calculating them separately, if both of them are needed. The reduced-range versions with the prefixes VFr_ and VFrx_ are for situations in which one can be sure that all input values lie in the range -2p <= Xi <= +2p.
Error handling | Precision errors lead to a result of 0.0 for the sin2 and of 1.0 for the cos2 (as if the input were 0.0) along with a non-zero return value, but are otherwise ignored; _matherr is not called. Other errors should not occur.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_sincos, sin, cos

VF_sincosrpi | VD_sincosrpi | VE_sincosrpi
VF_sincosrpi2 | VD_sincosrpi2 | VE_sincosrpi2
VF_sincosrpi3 | VD_sincosrpi3 | VE_sincosrpi3
Function | Sine and cosine of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sincosrpi( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_sincosrpi2( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_sincosrpi3( fVector YSin, fVector YCos, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sincosrpi( vector<T> YCos, const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::sincosrpi2( vector<T> YCos, const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::sincosrpi3( vector<T> YCos, const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sincosrpi( Sin, Cos:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_sincosrpi2( Sin, Cos:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_sincosrpi3( Sin, Cos:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | YSini = sin( (Pi / q) * p ) YCosi = cos( (Pi / q) * p ) The sine and the cosine of fractional multiples of p are calculated. There are three versions: VF_sincosrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_sincosrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version reading the results from a table named VF_sintab2, if possible. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_sincosrpi3 should be used which utilizes a table named VF_sintab3. The use of VF_sincosrpi3 is a convenient way to use degrees instead of radians; if, for example, q is 180, then the unit of the elements of P is "degree". VF_sincosrpi2 and VF_sincosrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the (then useless) tables.
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof, as long as q!=0.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_sincos, sin, cos

VF_sinh | VD_sinh | VE_sinh
VCF_sinh | VCD_sinh | VCE_sinh
VFx_sinh | VDx_sinh | VEx_sinh
VCFx_sinh | VCDx_sinh | VCEx_sinh
Function | Hyperbolic sine function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sinh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sinh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sinh( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sinh( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sinh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sinh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sinh( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sinh ( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_cosh, VF_exp, sinh

VF_sinrpi | VD_sinrpi | VE_sinrpi
VF_sinrpi2 | VD_sinrpi2 | VE_sinrpi2
VF_sinrpi3 | VD_sinrpi3 | VE_sinrpi3
Function | Sine function of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sinrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_sinrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_sinrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sinrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::sinrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::sinrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sinrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_sinrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_sinrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = sin( (Pi / q) * p ) The sine of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_sinrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_sinrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version reading the results from a look-up table, if possible. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_sinrpi3 should be used. VF_sinrpi3 offers a convenient way to use degrees instead of radians; if, for example, q is 180, then the unit of the elements of P is "degree". VF_sinrpi2 and VF_sinrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the tables.
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof, as long as q!=0.
Return value | always FALSE (0)
See also | VF_sin, sin

VF_sintab2 | VD_sintab2 | VE_sintab2
VF_sintab3 | VD_sintab3 | VE_sintab3
| Table of sine values for arguments between 0 and p/2
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> extern float VF_sintab2[ VF_tabsz2+1 ]; extern double VD_sintab2[ VD_tabsz2+1 ]; extern extended VE_sintab2[ VE_tabsz2+1 ]; extern float VF_sintab3[ VF_tabsz3+1 ]; extern double VD_sintab3[ VD_tabsz3+1 ]; extern extended VE_sintab3[ VE_tabsz3+1 ];
Pascal/Delphi | uses FSINTAB2, DSINTAB2, ESINTAB2, FSINTAB3, DSINTAB3, ESINTAB3; VF_sintab2: array[0..VF_tabsz2] of Single; VD_sintab2: array[0..VD_tabsz2] of Double; VE_sintab2: array[0..VE_tabsz2] of Extended; VF_sintab3: array[0..VF_tabsz3] of Single; VD_sintab3: array[0..VD_tabsz3] of Double; VE_sintab3: array[0..VE_tabsz3] of Extended;
Description | VF_sintab2[ i ] = sin( i/(2*VF_tabsz2) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz2 VF_sintab3[ i ] = sin( i/(2*VF_tabsz3) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz3 These look-up tables of sine values for arguments between 0 and p/2 are used by VF_sinrpi2 and the other functions of that family and are also available for other purposes. C/C++: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc., denoting the size of the tables, are defined in <xmath.h>. Pascal/Delphi: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc. are defined in the same units as the tables themselves.
See also | VF_sinrpi2, VF_tantab2, VF_cosectab2

VF_smooth | VD_smooth | VE_smooth
Function | Data smoothing
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_smooth( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, unsigned deg);
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::smooth( const vector<T>& X, unsigned deg );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_smooth( Y,X:fVector; size, deg: UInt );
Description | A primitive, but very fast low-frequency filtering of the vector X is performed. For each point, a weighted average of the point itself and its one or few nearest neighbours is calculated. The argument deg decides how many points are taken into accout. E.g., deg=3 means 3-point smoothing by the formula: Yi = 0.25 * (2*Xi + Xi-1 + Xi+1) Higher degrees (5, 7, 9...) of smoothing are achieved internally by repeated 3-point smoothing. deg = 0 or 1 means no smoothing at all; deg = 2 or 3 is interpreted as 3-point smoothing, deg = 4 or 5 as 5-point smoothing, and so on.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_filter

VF_sort | VD_sort | VE_sort
VI_sort | VBI_sort | VSI_sort | VLI_sort | VQI_sort
VU_sort | VUB_sort | VUS_sort | VUL_sort | VUI_sort
Function | Sorting into ascending or descending order
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_sort( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, int dir );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::sort( const vector<T>& X, int dir=1 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_sort( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; dir:Integer );
Description | The vector is sorted in ascending order, if dir is positive; negative dir yields descending order. The present implementation uses the "Heapsort" algorithm.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_sortind, VF_rotate, VF_rev, qsort (C/C++ only)

VF_sortind | VD_sortind | VE_sortind
VI_sortind | VBI_sortind | VSI_sortind | VLI_sortind | VQI_sortind
VU_sortind | VUB_sortind | VUS_sortind | VUL_sortind | VUI_sortind
Function | Sort the index-array of a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_sortind( uiVector Ind, fVector X, ui size, int dir );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<ui>::sortind( const vector<T>& X, int dir=1 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_sortind( Ind:uVector; X:fVector; size:UInt; dir:Integer );
Description | The routine is similar to VF_sort, but this time it is the index-array of X rather than the vector X itself that is ordered. Ascending order is obtained by setting dir to any positive number. Here, ascending order means that Ind0 will contain the index of the smallest element of X, Ind1 the index of the second-smallest, and so on, up to Indsize-1, the index of the largest element in X. Descending order is obtained by setting dir negative. This routine is used if other vectors are correlated with X and the correlation of the individual elements has to be maintained. After sorting the index-array, use VF_indpick (VD_indpick, VI_indpick, etc.) to actually perform the sorting of X and the other vectors correlated with X.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_sort, VF_indpick

VF_spectrum | VD_spectrum | VE_spectrum
Function | Power-density spectrum
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_spectrum( fVector Spc, ui specsiz, fVector X, ui xsiz, fVector Win );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::spectrum( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Win );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_spectrum( Spc:fVector; specsiz:UInt; X:fVector; xsiz:UInt; Win:fVector ): Single;
Description | The data set X is analyzed for its power spectral density (PSD), i.e. the mean square amplitude. The result is stored in Spc. xsiz must be at least 2*specsiz, and specsiz has to be an integer power of 2. Internally, X is divided into xsiz*specsiz/2 segments and the average over the spectra of the individual segments is calculated. Each segment of length 2*specsiz yields the PSD for specsiz+1 frequencies (see VF_FFT). In order to keep specsiz an integer power of 2, there are only specsiz points stored in Spc and the last one, the PSD at the Nyquist frequency fNyquist = 0.5 / sampling_interval, is given as the return value of the function. It may either be neglected (by calling the function like a void function) or stored as the last element in Spc by calling the function as Spc[specsiz] = VF_spectrum( Spc, specsiz, X, xsiz, Win ); in this case, Spc must have a length of specsiz+1. Win is a window that is applied to the data segments. The size of the Win vector must be 2*specsiz. Within the VectorLib library, three functions are available that give suitable Windows: VF_Welch, VF_Parzen, and VF_Hanning. A square window (i.e. no windowing at all) is achieved by setting all elements of Win to 1.0 using VF_equ1. Use of the square window is not recommended here, though. You may wish to test the quality of the calculated spectrum by applying Parseval's theorem (provided you called VF_spectrum as in the above example and stored the PSD for the Nyquist frequency): 1.0/xsize * VF_ssq( X, xsize ) must be about equal to VF_sum( Spc, specsiz+1 ). If the deviation between both results is large, the sampling interval in X probably is too large. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Example C/C++ (for DOS): | #include <VFstd.h> #include <VFmath.h> #include <Vgraph.h> #include <math.h> #include <conio.h> void main( void ) { fVector X, Spc, Win, Time, Freq; float deltat, fOscill, fNyquist; ui xsize=4096, specsiz=256; X = VF_vector( xsize ); Spc = VF_vector( specsiz+1 ); Win = VF_vector( 2*specsiz ); Time = VF_vector( xsize ); Freq = VF_vector( specsiz+1); deltat = 0.001; /* sampling interval 1 millisecond */ fNyquist = 0.5 / deltat; /* Nyquist frequency = 500 Hz */ fOscill = 100; /* say we are sampling a 100 Hz oscillation */ VF_ramp( Time, xsize, 0, deltat ); VF_ramp( Freq, specsiz+1, 0, fNyquist / specsiz ); VFx_sin( X, Time, xsize, 2*M_PI*fOscill, 0, 1 ); /* sine wave (omega*t) */ VF_cmpC( X, X, xsize, 0.7 ); /* convert into asymmetric square wave */ VF_Welch( Win, 2*specsiz ); /* or another window */ Spc[specsiz] = VF_spectrum( Spc, specsiz, X, xsize, Win ); V_initGraph( "\\BorlandC\\BGI\\" ); /* give the correct BGI path! */ VF_xyAutoPlot( Freq, Spc, specsiz+1, PS_SOLID | SY_CROSS, GREEN ); getch(); /* hit any key when you have seen enough */ closegraph(); V_nfree( 5, Freq, Time, Win, Spc, X ); }
Example Pascal/Delphi: | uses VFstd, VFmath, Vgraph,...; const xsize=4096; specsiz=256; var X, Spc, Win, Time, Freq: fVector; deltat, fOscill, fNyquist: Single; begin X := VF_vector( xsize ); Spc := VF_vector( specsiz+1 ); Win := VF_vector( 2*specsiz ); Time := VF_vector( xsize ); Freq := VF_vector( specsiz+1); deltat := 0.001; (* sampling interval 1 millisecond *) fNyquist := 0.5 / deltat; (* Nyquist frequency = 500 Hz *) fOscill := 100; (* say we are sampling a 100 Hz oscillation *) VF_ramp( Time, xsize, 0, deltat ); VF_ramp( Freq, specsiz+1, 0, fNyquist / specsiz ); VFx_sin( X, Time, xsize, 2*PI*fOscill, 0, 1 ); (* sine wave (omega*t) *) VF_cmpC( X, X, xsize, 0.7 ); (* convert into an asymmetric square wave *) VF_Welch( Win, 2*specsiz ); (* or another window *) VF_Pelement( Spc,specsiz )^ := VF_spectrum( Spc, specsiz, X, xsize, Win ); VF_xyAutoPlot( Freq, Spc, specsiz+1, PS_SOLID + SY_CROSS, GREEN ); V_free( Freq ); V_free( Time ); V_free( Win ); V_free( Spc ); V_free( X ); end; (* It is assumed that the graphics routines have already been initialized (DOS), or that the above example stands within a Paint (Pascal for Windows) or a ShowView (Delphi) routine. *)
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_spectrum is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted.
Return value | PSD at the Nyquist frequency
See also | VF_FFT, VF_convolve, VF_autocorr, VF_xcorr, VF_filter

VF_splinederiv2 | VD_splinederiv2 | VE_splinederiv2
Function | Generate a second-derivative table from an X-Y-table to be used for cubic-spline interpolation.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_splinederiv2( fVector Y2, fVector XTab, fVector YTab, ui size, int specify, float Yp0, float Ypn );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::splinederiv2( const vector<T>& XTab, const vector<T>& YTab, int specify, T Yp0, T Ypn );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_splinederiv2( Y2, XTab, YTab:fVector; size:UInt; specify:IntBool; Yp0, Ypn:Single );
Description | A table of second derivatives of YTab is generated to be used for cubic-spline interpolation with VF_splineinterpol. In order to get a unique solution, two additional conditions have to be specified. Setting specify to FALSE (0) yields the "natural cubic spline" with Y2 being set to zero at both end-points; in this case, Yp0 and Ypn have no influence. Setting specify to TRUE (1) yields Y2 calculated in such a way that the first(!) derivative at the zero'th and at the last position equals Yp0 and Ypn, resp.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_splineinterpol

VF_splineinterpol | VD_splineinterpol | VE_splineinterpol
Function | Cubic-spline interpolation of X-Y-table values
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_splineinterpol( fVector Y, fVector X, ui sizex, fVector XTab, fVector YTab, fVector Y2Tab, ui sizetab );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::splineinterpol( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& XTab, const vector<T>& YTab, const vector<T>& Y2Tab );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_splineinterpol( Y, X:fVector; sizex:UInt; XTab, YTab, Y2Tab:fVector; sizetab:UInt );
Description | For each of the sizex elements of X, the corresponding element of Y is interpolated from the XTab-YTab value pairs. A table of second derivatives of YTab is needed that has to be generated by a call to VF_splinederiv2 prior to calling VF_splineinterpol. XTab must be ordered (either ascending or descending). All values of XTab must be distinct; otherwise a division by zero may occur and lead to a program abort. sizetab must be greater than or equal to 3.
Error handling | none (you have to take care yourself that the XTab values are distinct and that the YTab values are not near the limit of overflowing).
Return value | none
See also | VF_splinederiv2, VF_ratinterpol, VF_polyinterpol

VF_square | VD_square | VE_square
VFx_square | VDx_square | VEx_square
VFu_square | VDu_square | VEu_square
VFux_square | VDux_square | VEux_square
VCF_square | VCD_square | VCE_square
VCFx_square | VCDx_square | VCEx_square
VCFu_square | VCDu_square | VCEu_square
VCFux_square | VCDux_square | VCEux_square
VPF_square | VPD_square | VPE_square
VPFu_square | VPDu_square | VPEu_square
Function | Square
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_square( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_square( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B ); int VFu_square( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFux_square( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::square( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_square( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B ); int vector<T>::u_square( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::ux_square( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_square( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_square( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool; function VFu_square( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFux_square( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = Xi2 expanded versions: Yi = (A*Xi+B)2 The "unprotected" versions (prefix VFu_, VFux_, etc.) do not perform any error handling, which makes them much faster (up to 50%), but riskier than the standard versions. The extended-precision complex (VCEu_ and VCEux_) versions do not take some of the security measures present in the standard version and might fail for results very near the overflow limit; results near the underflow limit might be rendered as 0.
Error handling | OVERFLOW errors lead to a default result of HUGE_VAL.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_cubic, VF_sqrt, VF_pow, VF_ipow, VF_poly

VF_sqrt | VD_sqrt | VE_sqrt
VFu_sqrt | VDu_sqrt | VEu_sqrt
VCF_sqrt | VCD_sqrt | VCE_sqrt
VFx_sqrt | VDx_sqrt | VEx_sqrt
VFux_sqrt | VDux_sqrt | VEux_sqrt
VCFx_sqrt | VCDx_sqrt | VCEx_sqrt
VPF_sqrt | VPD_sqrt | VPE_sqrt
Function | Square root
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_sqrt( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_sqrt( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::sqrt( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_sqrt( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_sqrt( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_sqrt( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = sqrt( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * sqrt( A*Xi+B ) The "unprotected" versions (prefix VFu_, VFux_, etc.) do not perform any error handling, which makes them much faster (up to 350% for VFux_sqrt on Pentium III or IV) than the standard versions. On the other hand, any negative input number may lead to an uncontrolled programme crash. Input numbers near the underflow limit may lead to a result of 0. Apart from allowing no negative input numbers, the "unprotected" expanded version (prefix VFux_) also requires that neither the product A*Xi nor the sum A*Xi+B may overflow.
Error handling | DOMAIN errors occur if, in the real-number versions, the square root of a negative numbers is requested; NAN ("not-a-number") is the default result in this case.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero)
See also | VF_square, VF_pow, VF_ipow, VF_poly

VF_ssq | VD_ssq | VE_ssq
Function | Sum-of-squares
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_ssq( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::ssq();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_ssq( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | ssq = sum( Xi2 )
Error handling | none (but be careful: this function may lead to an overflow!)
Return value | sum of the squares of the vector elements.
See also | VF_sum, VF_rms, VF_ssqdevC, VF_scalprod, VF_Euclid

VF_ssqdevC | VD_ssqdevC | VE_ssqdevC
Function | Sum of the squares of the deviations from a preset value.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_ssqdevC( fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::ssqdevC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_ssqdevC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): Single;
Description | ssqdevC = sum( (Xi - C)2 )
Error handling | none
Return value | sum of the squares of the deviations.
See also | VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevV, VF_avdevC, VF_sumdevC, VF_chi2

VF_ssqdevV | VD_ssqdevV | VE_ssqdevV
Function | Sum of the squares of the deviations of the elements of one vector from the corresponding elements of another
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_ssqdevV( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::ssqdevV( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_ssqdevV( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | ssqdevV = sum( (Xi - Yi)2 ) The deviation of each element of X from the corresponding element of Y is calculated and the squares of the deviations summed up and returned.
Error handling | none
Return value | sum of the squares of the deviations.
See also | VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_avdevV, VF_sumdevV, VF_chi2

VF_store | VD_store | VE_store
VCF_store | VCD_store | VCE_store
VPF_store | VPD_store | VPE_store
VI_store | VBI_store | VSI_store | VLI_store | VQI_store
VU_store | VUB_store | VUS_store | VUL_store | VUI_store
Function | Store a vector in binary format into a stream
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> VF_store( FILE *stream, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::store( FILE *stream );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_store( var Stream:FILE; X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | size elements of X are written to stream in binary format. The stream must be already open for binary write operations. The VecObj version stores not only the vector elements, but the whole vector object by first storing size. Please note that VF_recall etc. can only read vectors stored with VF_store etc., whereas the VecObj function recall is used to retrieve vector objects stored with the VecObj function store. You can, however, employ the calling sequence VUI_store( stream, &size, 1 ); VF_store( stream, X, size ); /* C/C++ */ or VU_store( stream, @size, 1 ); VF_store( stream, X, size ); (* Pascal/Delphi *) to make the stored vector X readable as a vector object later.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_recall, VF_write, VF_cprint, VF_print

VF_subC | VD_subC | VE_subC
VCF_subC | VCD_subC | VCE_subC
VCF_subReC | VCD_subReC | VCE_subReC
VI_subC | VBI_subC | VSI_subC | VLI_subC | VQI_subC
VU_subC | VUB_subC | VUS_subC | VUL_subC | VUI_subC
Function | Subtract a constant from each vector element
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_subC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); void VCF_subC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCF_subReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<complex<T>>::subC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::subReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_subC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VCF_subC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_subReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single );
Description | Yi = Xi - C The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe subtracted from the complex vector.
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_subV, VF_subrC, VF_addC, VF_mulC, VF_divC

VF_subrC | VD_subrC | VE_subrC
VCF_subrC | VCD_subrC | VCE_subrC
VCF_subrReC | VCD_subrReC | VCE_subrReC
VI_subrC | VBI_subrC | VSI_subrC | VLI_subrC | VQI_subrC
VU_subrC | VUB_subrC | VUS_subrC | VUL_subrC | VUI_subrC
Function | Reverse subtraction: subtract a vector from a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_subrC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C ); void VCF_subrC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, fComplex C ); void VCF_subrReC( cfVector Y, cfVector X, ui size, float CRe );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subrC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C ); void vector<complex<T>>::subrC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, complex<T> C ); void vector<complex<T>>::subrReC( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const T& CRe );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_subrC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VCF_subrC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; C:fComplex ); procedure VCF_subrReC( Y, X:cfVector; size:UInt; CRe:Single );
Description | Yi = C - Xi The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants, one for complex constants C, the other for real-valued constants CRe from which the complex vector is subtracted.
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_addV, VF_subC, VF_mulC, VF_divC, VF_visC, VF_redC

VF_subrV | VD_subrV | VE_subrV
VCF_subrV | VCD_subrV | VCE_subrV
VCF_subrReV | VCD_subrReV | VCE_subrReV
VFx_subrV | VDx_subrV | VEx_subrV
VCFx_subrV | VCDx_subrV | VCEx_subrV
VCFx_subrReV | VCDx_subrReV | VCEx_subrReV
VI_subrV | VBI_subrV | VSI_subrV | VLI_subrV | VQI_subrV
VU_subrV | VUB_subrV | VUS_subrV | VUL_subrV | VUI_subrV
Function | Subtraction in reverse order
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_subrV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_subrV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); void VCF_subrV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_subrReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_subrV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_subrReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subrV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_subrV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::subrV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::subrReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_subrV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_subrReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_subrV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_subrV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single); procedure VCF_subrV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_subrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_subrV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_subrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Yi - Xi expanded versions: Zi = Yi - (A*Xi+B) The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants: in the first variant (e.g., VCF_subrV, VCFx_subrV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g., VCF_subrReV - "reverse subtraction of a real vector", i.e., subtraction of a complex vector from a real vector).
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_subrC, VF_addV, VF_mulV, VF_divV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_subV | VD_subV | VE_subV
VCF_subV | VCD_subV | VCE_subV
VCF_subReV | VCD_subReV | VCE_subReV
VFs_subV | VDs_subV | VEs_subV
VFx_subV | VDx_subV | VEx_subV
VCFx_subV | VCDx_subV | VCEx_subV
VCFx_subReV | VCDx_subReV | VCEx_subReV
VI_subV | VBI_subV | VSI_subV | VLI_subV | VQI_subV
VU_subV | VUB_subV | VUS_subV | VUL_subV | VUI_subV
Function | Subtract two vectors
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_subV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFs_subV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float C ); void VFx_subV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B ); void VCF_subV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size ); void VCF_subReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VCFx_subV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, cfVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B ); void VCFx_subReV( cfVector Z, cfVector X, fVector Y, ui size, fComplex A, fComplex B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::s_subV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& C ); void vector<T>::x_subV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B ); void vector<complex<T>>::subV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::subReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_subV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<complex<T>>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B ); void vector<complex<T>>::x_subReV( const vector<complex<T>>& X, const vector<T>& Y, complex<T> A, complex<T> B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_subV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_subV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single); procedure VCF_subV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCF_subReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VCFx_subV( Z, X, Y:cfVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex ); procedure VCFx_subrReV( Z, X:cfVector; Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:fComplex );
Description | normal versions: Zi = Xi - Yi scaled versions: Zi = C * (Xi - Yi) expanded versions: Zi = (A*Xi+B) - Yi The complex floating-point versions exist in two variants: in the first variant (e.g., VCF_subV, VCFx_subV), X, Y, and Z are all complex; in the second variant, Y is real-valued (e.g., VCF_subReV - "subtract a real vector").
Error handling | floating-point versions: none; integer versions: see chapter 5.2.
Return value | none
See also | VF_subC, VF_addV, VF_mulV, VF_divV, VF_visV, VF_redV

VF_sub2V | VD_sub2V | VE_sub2V
Function | Subtract two vectors simultaneously from one vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_sub2V( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y1, fVector Y2, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::sub2V( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y1, const vector<T>& Y2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_sub2V( Z, X, Y1, Y2:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Zi = Xi - Y1i - Y2i
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_subV, VF_add2V

VF_subvector | VD_subvector | VE_subvector
VCF_subvector | VCD_subvector | VCE_subvector
VPF_subvector | VPD_subvector | VPE_subvector
VI_subvector | VBI_subvector | VSI_subvector
VLI_subvector | VQI_subvector
VU_subvector | VUB_subvector | VUS_subvector
VUL_subvector | VUI_subvector
Function | Extract a sub-vector from the input vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_subvector( fVector Y, ui subsize, fVector X, int samp );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subvector( const vector<T>& X, int samp, ui start=0 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_subvector( Y:fVector; sizey:UInt; X:fVector; samp:Integer );
Description | Yi = Xi*samp A sub-vector Y is extracted from X with a sampling interval samp. This means that every samp'th element is taken, up to a total of subsize elements, starting with the zero'th element of X. Since X may be an expression like XX+1000 (C/C++) or VF_Pelement( XX, 1000 ) (Pascal/Delphi), samp does not always need to be positive, but may also take on negative values (or the trivial value of 0). X and Y have to be distinct. Instead of using a samp of 0, 1, or -1, one should use VF_equC, VF_equV, or VF_rev, respectively. The VecObj version is called with an additional argument start, denoting the element of X to start with. This is necessary to avoid input expressions like XX+1000, which are possible only with pointers, but would be mis-interpreted as the operator + in the class-based object-oriented interface.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_indpick, VF_CtoRe

VF_subvector_... | VD_subvector_... | VE_subvector_...
VCF_subvector_... | VCD_subvector_... | VCE_subvector_...
VPF_subvector_... | VPD_subvector_... | VPE_subvector_...
| ..._addC | ..._addV
| ..._divC | ..._divV
| ..._divrC | ..._divrV
| ..._mulC | ..._mulV
| ..._subC | ..._subV
| ..._subrC | ..._subrV
Function | Arithmetic functions working on a sub-set of elements within a vector of one of the floating-point data types.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_subvector_addC( fVector Y, ui subsize, unsigned samp, float C ); void VF_subvector_addV( fVector Y, ui subsize, unsigned samp, fVector X ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subvector_addC( unsigned samp, const T& C ); void vector<T>::subvector_addV( unsigned samp, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_subvector_addC( Y:fVector; subsiz:UInt; samp:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VF_subvector_addV( Y:fVector; subsiz:UInt; samp:UInt; X:fVector ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description |
..._addC: | Yi*samp += C, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._addV: | Yi*samp += Xi, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._subC: | Yi*samp -= C, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._subV: | Yi*samp -= Xi, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._subrC: | Yi*samp = C - Yi*samp, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._subrV: | Yi*samp = Xi- Yi*samp, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._mulC: | Yi*samp *= C, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._mulV: | Yi*samp *= Xi, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._divC: | Yi*samp /= C, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._divV: | Yi*samp /= Xi, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._divrC: | Yi*samp = C / Yi*samp, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._divrV: | Yi*samp = Xi / Yi*samp, | i=0,...subsize-1
Polar complex versions: only multiplication and division are present: ...mulC, ...mulV, ...divC, ...divV, ...divrC, and ...divrV. The operation indicated in the suffix of the function name is perfomed on a sub-set of the elements of a vector. The sampling interval is denoted by samp: every samp'th element is taken, up to a total of subsize, starting with the zero'th one (that means, subsize is not the total size of the vector, but rather the size of the sub-set, i.e. the number of elements for which the function is performed). Note that all operations are performed in place, i.e., the input vector itself is changed. For similar functions not included in the above list, the necessary sequence of calls is similar to the following example (which shows how to calculate the sinc function of the zero'th and then every tenth element of X, assuming that size is an integer multiple of 10): VF_subvector( Y, size/10, 10, X ); VF_sinc( Y, Y, size/10 ); VF_subvector_equV( X, size/10, 10, Y ); (However, in such cases, you would sometimes prefer the classic style of a loop with the loop-increment set to 10. Only if the desired function is not available in the math library of your compiler, the effort of copying back and forth into the dummy vector Y will pay off.)
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_subvector, VF_subvector_equC, VF_subvector_equV, VF_addC

VF_subvector_... | VD_subvector_... | VE_subvector_...
VCF_subvector_... | VCD_subvector_... | VCE_subvector_...
VPF_subvector_... | VPD_subvector_... | VPE_subvector_...
VI_subvector_... | VBI_subvector_... | VSI_subvector_...
VLI_subvector_... | VQI_subvector_...
VU_subvector_... | VUB_subvector_... | VUS_subvector_...
VUL_subvector_... | VUI_subvector_...
| ..._equC | ..._equV
Function | Initialize a sub-set of elements within a vector either with a constant value or with values stored as the elements of another vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_subvector_equC( fVector Y, ui subsize, unsigned samp, float C ); void VF_subvector_equV( fVector Y, ui subsize, unsigned samp, fVector X ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::subvector_equC( unsigned samp, const T& C ); void vector<T>::subvector_equV( unsigned samp, const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_subvector_equC( Y:fVector; subsz:UInt; samp:UInt; C:Single ); procedure VF_subvector_equV( Y:fVector; subsz:UInt; samp:UInt; X:fVector ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description |
..._equC: | Yi*samp = C, | i=0,...subsize-1
..._equV: | Yi*samp = Xi, | i=0,...subsize-1
A sub-set of the elements of a vector is overwritten according to the sampling interval samp: every samp'th element is initialized either with the constant C, or with the value specified as an element of the vector X. A total of subsize elements is initialized, starting with the zeroth one (that means, subsize is not the total size of the vector, but rather the size of the sub-set). VF_subvector_equV is the exact reverse of VF_subvector.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_subvector, VF_equC, VF_equV, VF_subvector_addC

VF_sum | VD_sum | VE_sum
VCF_sum | VCD_sum | VCE_sum
VI_sum | VBI_sum | VSI_sum | VLI_sum | VQI_sum
VU_sum | VUB_sum | VUS_sum | VUL_sum | VUI_sum
Function | Sum up all the elements of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_sum( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::sum();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_sum( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single; procedure VCF_sum( var Sum:fComplex; X:cfVector; size:UInt);
Description | sum = sum( Xi ) The sum over all elements of a vector is calculated.
Error handling | none (but be careful: this function may easily overflow!)
Return value | sum of the vector elements (except complex versions in Pascal/Delphi).
See also | VF_runsum, VI_fsum, VF_prod, VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_mean

VF_sumabs | VD_sumabs | VE_sumabs
Function | Sum up the absolute values of all the elements of a vector.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_sumabs( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::sumabs();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_sumabs( X:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | sumabs = sum(| Xi |)
Error handling | none (but be careful: this function may easily overflow!)
Return value | sum of the absolute values of all vector elements.
See also | VF_sum, VF_meanabs

VF_sumdevC | VD_sumdevC | VE_sumdevC
Function | Sum of the absolute deviations from a preset value.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_sumdevC( fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::sumdevC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_sumdevC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): Single;
Description | sumdevC = sum( |Xi - C| )
Error handling | none
Return value | sum of the absolute deviations.
See also | VF_ssqdevC, VF_sumdevV, VF_avdevC

VF_sumdevV | VD_sumdevV | VE_sumdevV
Function | Sum of the absolute deviations of the elements of one vector from the corresponding elements of another
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_sumdevV( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::sumdevV( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_sumdevV( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | sumdevV = sum( |Xi - Yi| )
Error handling | none
Return value | sum of the absolute deviations.
See also | VF_sum, VF_sumdevC, VF_avdevV, VF_ssqdevV

VF_tan | VD_tan | VE_tan
VCF_tan | VCD_tan | VCE_tan
VFx_tan | VDx_tan | VEx_tan
VCFx_tan | VCDx_tan | VCEx_tan
Function | Tangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_tan( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_tan( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::tan( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_tan( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_tan( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_tan( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = tan ( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * tan( A*Xi+B ) For large values of Xi, round-off error becomes appreciable; if the Xi values are representable as rational multiples of p, it is better to use VF_tanrpi than VF_tan.
Error handling | SING and OVERFLOW errors (for arguments very close to p/2) lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL. Precision errors lead to a default result of 0.0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_tan2, VF_tanrpi, VF_sin, VF_tanh, VF_atan, VF_atan2, tan

VF_tan2 | VD_tan2 | VE_tan2
VFx_tan2 | VDx_tan2 | VEx_tan2
Function | Square of the tangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_tan2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_tan2( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::tan2( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_tan2( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_tan2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_tan2( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions: Yi = tan2( Xi ) expanded versions: Yi = C * tan2( A*Xi+B ) Calculating the squared trigonometric functions directly is faster and sometimes more accurate than first calculating the trigonometric function itself and squaring it afterwards.
Error handling | SING and OVERFLOW errors (for arguments close to p/2) lead to a default result of ±HUGE_VAL. Precision errors lead to a default result of 0.0.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_tan, VF_tanrpi

VF_tanh | VD_tanh | VE_tanh
VCF_tanh | VCD_tanh | VCE_tanh
VFx_tanh | VDx_tanh | VEx_tanh
VCFx_tanh | VCDx_tanh | VCEx_tanh
Function | Hyperbolic tangent function
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_tanh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VFx_tanh( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float A, float B, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::tanh( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<T>::x_tanh( const vector<T>& X, const T& A, const T& B, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_tanh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ): IntBool; function VFx_tanh( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; A, B, C:Single ): IntBool;
Description | normal versions:
Yi = | tanh( Xi )
= | exp( Xi ) - exp( -Xi ) exp( Xi ) + exp( -Xi )
expanded versions: Yi = C * tanh( A*Xi+B )
Error handling | These functions should be error-proof.
Return value | always FALSE (0).
See also | VF_sinh, VF_exp, tanh

VF_tanrpi | VD_tanrpi | VE_tanrpi
VF_tanrpi2 | VD_tanrpi2 | VE_tanrpi2
VF_tanrpi3 | VD_tanrpi3 | VE_tanrpi3
Function | Tangent function of fractional multiples of p
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_tanrpi( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_tanrpi2( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q ); int VF_tanrpi3( fVector Y, iVector P, ui size, int q );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::tanrpi( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::tanrpi2( const vector<int>& P, int q ); int vector<T>::tanrpi3( const vector<int>& P, int q );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_tanrpi( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_tanrpi2( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool; function VF_tanrpi3( Y:fVector; P:iVector; size:UInt; q:Integer ): IntBool;
Description | Yi = tan( (Pi / q) * p ) The tangent of fractional multiples of p is calculated. There are three versions: VF_tanrpi is for general use with any arbitrary denominator q. If q is a power of 2, VF_tanrpi2 should be used which is a highly optimized version using a look-up table. If q is a multiple of 3, VF_tanrpi3 should be used. VF_tanrpi2 and VF_tanrpi3 work also with q values they are not optimized for; in this case, however, memory space is wasted for the then useless tables.
Error handling | SING errors occur if Pi / q is an odd multiple of 1/2; the default result is 0.0 (which is the mean of +HUGE_VAL and -HUGE_VAL). q must be non-zero; this is, however, not tested for.
Return value | FALSE (0), if no error occurred, otherwise TRUE (non-zero).
See also | VF_tan, tan

VF_tantab2 | VD_tantab2 | VE_tantab2
VF_tantab3 | VD_tantab3 | VE_tantab3
| Table of tangent values for arguments between 0 and p/2.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> extern float VF_tantab2[ VF_tabsz2+1 ]; extern double VD_tantab2[ VD_tabsz2+1 ]; extern extended VE_tantab2[ VE_tabsz2+1 ]; extern float VF_tantab3[ VF_tabsz3+1 ]; extern double VD_tantab3[ VD_tabsz3+1 ]; extern extended VE_tantab3[ VE_tabsz3+1 ];
Pascal/Delphi | uses FTANTAB2, DTANTAB2, ETANTAB2, FTANTAB3, DTANTAB3, ETANTAB3; VF_tantab2: array[0..VF_tabsz2] of Single; VD_tantab2: array[0..VD_tabsz2] of Double; VE_tantab2: array[0..VE_tabsz2] of Extended; VF_tantab3: array[0..VF_tabsz3] of Single; VD_tantab3: array[0..VD_tabsz3] of Double; VE_tantab3: array[0..VE_tabsz3] of Extended;
Description | VF_tantab2[ i ] = tan( i/(2*VF_tabsz2) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz2-1 VF_tantab3[ i ] = tan( i/(2*VF_tabsz3) * p ), i=0,...,VF_tabsz3-1 VF_tantab2[ VF_tabsz2 ] = VF_tantab3[ VF_tabsz3 ] = 0; These look-up tables of tangent values for arguments between 0 and p/2 are used by VF_tanrpi2 and the other functions of that family and are also available for other purposes. Since the tangent of p/2 is not defined, zero is stored at its place. C/C++: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc., denoting the size of the tables, are defined in <xmath.h>. Pascal/Delphi: The symbols VF_tabsz2 etc. are defined in the same units as the tables themselves.
See also | VF_tanrpi2, VF_sintab2, VF_cosectab2

VF_trunc | VD_trunc | VE_trunc
VF_trunctoI | VD_trunctoI | VE_trunctoI
VF_trunctoBI | VD_trunctoBI | VE_trunctoBI
VF_trunctoSI | VD_trunctoSI | VE_trunctoSI
VF_trunctoLI | VD_trunctoLI | VE_trunctoLI
VF_trunctoQI | VD_trunctoQI | VE_trunctoQI
VF_trunctoU | VD_trunctoU | VE_trunctoU
VF_trunctoUB | VD_trunctoUB | VE_trunctoUB
VF_trunctoUS | VD_trunctoUS | VE_trunctoUS
VF_trunctoUL | VD_trunctoUL | VE_trunctoUL
VF_trunctoUI | VD_trunctoUI | VE_trunctoUI
Function | Rounding by "truncating" toward zero.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> int VF_trunc( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_trunctoI( iVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); int VF_trunctoU( uVector Y, fVector X, ui size ); (similarly all other functions of this family)
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> int vector<T>::trunc( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<int>::trunctoI( const vector<T>& X ); int vector<unsigned>::trunctoU( const vector<T>& X );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; function VF_trunc( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_trunctoI( Y:iVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; function VF_trunctoLI( Y:liVector; X:fVector; size:UInt ):IntBool; (similarly all other functions of this family)
Description | These functions are identical to those of the VF_chop family. They have been defined in order to maintain consistency with the Pascal/Delphi function trunc. For details, see VF_chop.

V_UtoF | V_UtoD | V_UtoE
V_UBtoF | V_UBtoD | V_UBtoE
V_UStoF | V_UStoD | V_UStoE
V_ULtoF | V_ULtoD | V_ULtoE
V_UItoF | V_UItoD | V_UItoE
Function | Data type interconversions. See V_ItoF!

VF_varianceC | VD_varianceC | VE_varianceC
Function | Variance of a one-dimensional distribution with respect to a pre-set value
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_varianceC( fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::varianceC( const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_varianceC( X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): Single;
Description | var = (1 / size) * sum( (Xi - C)2 )
Error handling | none
Return value | The variance is returned.
See also | VF_mean, VF_varianceV, VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevC, VF_linregress

VF_varianceCwW | VD_varianceCwW | VE_varianceCwW
Function | "Variance with weights" of a one-dimensional distribution with respect to a pre-set value.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_varianceCwW( fVector X, fVector Wt, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::varianceCwW( const vector<T>& Wt, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_varianceCwW( X, Wt:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single ): Single;
Description | var = (1 / sum( Wti )) * sum( Wti * (Xi - C)2 ) The weights need not be normalized.
Error handling | none
Return value | variance of the distribution.
See also | VF_meanwW, VF_varianceC, VF_varianceVwW, VF_linregress

VF_varianceV | VD_varianceV | VE_varianceV
Function | Variance between two one-dimensional distributions.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_varianceV( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::varianceV( const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_varianceV( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ): Single;
Description | var = (1 / size) * sum( (Xi - Yi)2 )
Error handling | none
Return value | The variance is returned.
See also | VF_mean, VF_varianceC, VF_ssq, VF_ssqdevV, VF_linregress

VF_varianceVwW | VD_varianceVwW | VE_varianceVwW
Function | "Variance with weights" between two one-dimensional distributions.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> float VF_varianceVwW( fVector X, fVector Y, fVector Wt, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> T vector<T>::varianceVwW( const vector<T>& Y, const vector<T>& Wt );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; function VF_varianceVwW( X, Y, Wt:fVector; size:UInt ):
Description | var = (1 / sum(Wti)) * sum( Wti * (Xi - Yi)2 ) The weights need not be normalized.
Error handling | none
Return value | weighted variance
See also | VF_meanwW, VF_chi2, VF_varianceV, VF_varianceCwW, VF_linregress

VF_vector | VD_vector | VE_vector
VCF_vector | VCD_vector | VCE_vector
VPF_vector | VPD_vector | VPE_vector
VI_vector | VBI_vector | VSI_vector | VLI_vector | VQI_vector
VU_vector | VUB_vector | VUS_vector | VUL_vector | VUI_vector
Function | Memory allocation for a vector
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> fVector VF_vector( ui size );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; function VF_vector( size:UInt ): fVector;
Description | Based on memory model and environment, the most appropriate allocation procedure is chosen by these functions. Failure to allocate memory always leads to an error message and a subsequent program abort (similar to the error handling of the "new" operator). To release the memory thus allocated, V_free, V_freeAll, or V_nfree should be used (the latter only in C/C++). Note: the declaration of a vector (e.g., as fVector) reserves only a name, but no memory! See chapter 4.1 if you are interested in details of the implementation. Do not use this function in connection with the object-oriented interface VecObj. It has its own automated memory allocation procedure incorporated into the constructors, see chapter 3.
Error handling | If there is not enough memory available, or if size is zero, an error message "Not enough memory" is displayed and the program aborted. 16-bit models (except HUGE): If more than 64 kB of memory are requested, an error message "Vector > 64 kB not possible" is displayed and the program aborted. 32-bit: If more than 4 GB of memory are requested, an error message "Vector > 4 GB not possible" is displayed and the program aborted.
Return value | Pointer to the allocated memory
See also | malloc, calloc

VF_vector0 | VD_vector0 | VE_vector0
VCF_vector0 | VCD_vector0 | VCE_vector0
VPF_vector0 | VPD_vector0 | VPE_vector0
VI_vector0 | VBI_vector0 | VSI_vector0 | VLI_vector0 | VQI_vector0
VU_vector0 | VUB_vector0 | VUS_vector0 | VUL_vector0 | VUI_vector0
Function | Memory allocation for a vector and initialization of all elements with 0
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> fVector VF_vector0( ui size );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; function VF_vector0( size:UInt ): fVector;
Description | The functions of this family are almost identical to those of the VF_vector family; in addition to allocating memory, they initialize all elements with 0. (Calls to VF_vector and VF_vector0 may be mixed; they use the same tables to keep track of the handles and pointers). For further information, see VF_vector. Do not use this function in connection with the object-oriented interface. It has its own automated memory allocation procedure incorporated into the constructors, see chapter 3.
Error handling | If there is not enough memory available, or if size is zero, an error message "Not enough memory" is displayed and the program aborted. 16-bit models (except HUGE): If more than 64 kB of memory are requested, an error message "Vector > 64 kB not possible" is displayed and the program aborted. 32-bit: If more than 4 GB of memory are requested, an error message "Vector > 4 GB not possible" is displayed and the program aborted.
Return value | A pointer to the allocated memory is returned.
See also | malloc, calloc

VF_visC | VD_visC | VE_visC
Function | Visibility (or contrast) function of a vector with respect to a constant
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_visC( fVector Y, fVector X, ui size, float C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::visC( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_visC( Y, X:fVector; size:UInt; C:Single );
Description | Yi = vis( Xi, C ) = (Xi - C) / (Xi + C) These functions are generalizations of the "visibility" or "contrast" function used in optics, where the contrast between two intensities is defined as their difference divided by their sum. For Xi=C, the visibility is defined as 0, even in the case of Xi=C=0.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_redV, VF_addC, VF_subC, VF_divC, VF_visV

VF_visV | VD_visV | VE_visV
VFx_visV | VDx_visV | VEx_visV
Function | Visibility function of one vector with respect to another
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFmath.h> void VF_visV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size ); void VFx_visV( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, float A, float B );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::visV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y ); void vector<T>::x_visV( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y, const T& A, const T& B );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFmath; procedure VF_visV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt ); procedure VFx_visV( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; A, B:Single );
Description | normal versions: Zi = vis( Xi, Yi ) = (Xi - Yi) / (Xi + Yi) expanded versions: Zi = vis( A*Xi+B, Yi ) For Xi=Yi, the visibility is defined as 0, even in the case of Xi=Yi=0.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_visC, VF_addV, VF_subV, VF_divV, VF_redV

VF_Welch | VD_Welch | VE_Welch
Function | "Welch" window for use in spectral analysis
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_Welch( fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::Welch();
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_Welch( X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | Xi = 1 - ( (i - 0.5*(size - 1)) / (0.5*(size + 1)) )2
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_Parzen, VF_Hanning, VF_spectrum

VF_write | VD_write | VE_write
VCF_write | VCD_write | VCE_write
VPF_write | VPD_write | VPE_write
VI_write | VBI_write | VSI_write | VLI_write | VQI_write
VU_write | VUB_write | VUS_write | VUL_write | VUI_write
Function | Write a vector in ASCII format to a stream.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_write( FILE *stream, fVector X, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::write( FILE *stream );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_write( var Stream:Text; X:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | size elements of X are written to stream in ASCII format. By default, one element is written per line. To use these functions, stream must already be open for write operations in text format. The number format and the separation of consecutive elements may be specified using VF_setWriteFormat (C/C++ only) and VF_setWriteSeparate, respectively. See these functions for details. Storing data in ASCII format is useful if the data have to be readable by human eyes, or if they are to be exported into other programs which are not able to read machine-format numbers. If avoidable, these functions should not be used for the storage of intermediate results that later have again to be read in. Instead, the function pairs of the VF_store / VF_recall family are recommended for the following reasons: conversion into ASCII format is slow, may lead to round-off errors, and requires much more disk memory than storage in machine format.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_setWriteFormat, VF_setWriteSeparate, VF_nwrite, VF_read, VF_store, VF_cprint, VF_print, fprintf

VF_xcorr | VD_xcorr | VE_xcorr
Function | Cross-correlation function of two vectors.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_xcorr( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y, ui size );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xcorr( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_xcorr( Z, X, Y:fVector; size:UInt );
Description | The cross-correlation function (CCF) of X and Y is calculated and stored in Z in wrap-around order: Z0 to Zsize/2-1 contain the CCF for zero and positive lags. Beginning with the most negative lag in Zsize/2+1, the elements up to Zsize-1 contain the CCF for negative lags. Since this function assumes X to be periodic, the CCF for the most positive lag is identical to the CCF for the most negative lag. This element is stored as Zsize/2. To get the CCF into normal order, you may call VF_rotate( Z, Z, size, size/2 ); After that, the zero point is at the position size/2. In case X is non-periodic, end effects should be avoided by the methods described in connection with VF_convolve. About special versions with the prefixes VFp_, VFs_ and VFl_, consult chapter 4.8.
Error handling | If size is not a power of 2, VF_FFT (on which VF_xcorr is based) complains "Size must be an integer power of 2" and the program is aborted.
Return value | none
See also | VF_FFT, VF_convolve, VF_autocorr, VF_spectrum

VI_xor | VBI_xor | VSI_xor | VLI_xor | VQI_xor
VU_xor | VUB_xor | VUS_xor | VUL_xor | VUI_xor
Function | Bit-wise "XOR" operation.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VImath.h> void VI_xor( iVector Y, iVector X, ui size, int C ); void VUL_xor( ulVector Y, ulVector X, ui size, unsigned long C );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xor( const vector<T>& X, const T& C );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VImath; procedure VI_xor( Y, X:iVector; size:UInt; C:Integer ); procedure VUL_xor( Y, X:ulVector; size:UInt; C:ULong );
Description | Yi = (Xi) ^ C The bit-wise "exclusive OR" operation is performed on each element Xi with the bit-mask given by C (i.e., a bit is 0 in Yi, if it was either 0 or 1 both in Xi and C simultaneously. It is 1 if Xi and C differed in this bit position).
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VI_not, VI_and, VI_or

VF_xprod | VD_xprod | VE_xprod
Function | Cross-product of two vectors.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VFstd.h> void VF_xprod( fVector Z, fVector X, fVector Y );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xprod( const vector<T>& X, const vector<T>& Y );
Pascal/Delphi | uses VFstd; procedure VF_xprod( Z, X, Y:fVector );
Description | Z = X x Y The cross-product of X and Y is calculated. Since this operation is defined specifically for vectors representing three dimensions in the geometrical sense, there is no parameter "size" for this function. The number of elements is 3 for each of the participating vectors, implicitly.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_scalprod, VF_Euclid

VF_xyAutoPlot | VD_xyAutoPlot | VE_xyAutoPlot
VI_xyAutoPlot | VBI_xyAutoPlot | VSI_xyAutoPlot
VLI_xyAutoPlot | VQI_xyAutoPlot
VU_xyAutoPlot | VUB_xyAutoPlot | VUS_xyAutoPlot
VUL_xyAutoPlot | VUI_xyAutoPlot
Function | Draws a Cartesian coordinate system and plots a Y-vector against an X-vector into it.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VF_xyAutoPlot( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xyAutoPlot( const vector<T>& X, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_xyAutoPlot( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | A Cartesian coordinate system is drawn with automatic scaling of the axes and the vector Y is plotted against the vector X. Prior to calling VF_xyAutoPlot, the plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph (for DOS programs) or V_initPlot (DOS or Windows programs). The VecObj version of this function has to be called as a member function of Y (rather than of X). The font of the axis tick labels is the actual text font. In DOS programs (Borland C++ or Pascal), it may be changed by calling settextstyle before calling VF_xyAutoPlot. In Windows programs (both 16-bit and 32-bit), the font of the current device context is used. The style of the plot is determined by the parameter "form" which should be constructed using the symbolic constants defined in <Vgraph.h> (C/C++) or in the unit Vgraph (Pascal/Delphi). For the line styles, either Borland's BGI notation or the Windows notation may be used both in DOS and Windows programs; the necessary macros for the translation are included in <Vgraph.h> and in the unit Vgraph. 1. Style of lines connecting adjacent data points:
Windows style | BGI C/C++ | BGI Pascal | appearance
PS_SOLID | SOLID_LINE | SolidLn | –––– (default)
PS_DOT | DOTTED_LINE | DottedLn | ·········
PS_DASH | DASHED_LINE | DashedLn | - - - -
PS_DASHDOT | CENTER_LINE | CenterLn | - · - · -
PS_DASHDOTDOT |  |  | - · · - · ·
PS_NULL | NULL_LINE | NullLn | (no line at all)
2. Symbols used to mark data points:
SY_NULL | (no symbol at all) (default)
SY_CROSS | x
SY_PLUS | +
SY_STAR | *
SY_CIRCLE | o
SY_BOX |
SY_DIAMOND | à
SY_TRIANGLEUP | D
SY_TRIANGLEDOWN | Ñ
3. Fill-style of the symbols:
SY_HOLLOW | no filling (default)
SY_FILLED | filled
SY_DOTTED | hollow, with a dot at the exact position of the data point
The parameter form has to be constructed by adding the appropriate line style, the symbol and its fill-style, e.g. (SOLID_LINE + SY_TRIANGLEUP). Alternatively, the bit-wise "OR" operation may be used, e.g. (PS_SOLID | SY_CIRCLE | SY_DOTTED ). In Pascal terms, these examples read: (SolidLn + SY_TRIANGLEUP), and (PS_SOLID or SY_CIRCLE or SY_DOTTED). If any of the line styles except NULL_LINE (or PS_NULL) is chosen, each data point will be represented by at least one pixel in DOS programs. Therefore, dotted or broken lines should be specified only if there are not too many data points. Otherwise, all line styles will eventually look like SOLID_LINE. In Windows programs, these line styles will always be plotted correctly and points will be left out if necessary. Note that NULL_LINE or PS_NULL has to be explicitly specified, if the data points are not to be connected by lines. Just writing, e.g. (SY_BOX | SY_HOLLOW) would be interpreted as using the default line style, which is SOLID_LINE. SY_NULL and SY_HOLLOW need not be specified, since these are the default symbol and fill-style, resp. For SY_NULL, SY_CROSS, SY_PLUS, and SY_STAR, the choice of fill-style has no effect. The parameter "color" denotes the color that is to be used for the plot (the data type COLORREF is unsigned for DOS programs and unsigned long for Windows programs). See the Borland C++ or TurboPascal function setcolor for a description of the colors available in the various graphics modes under DOS. For Windows, the colors BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED, MAGENTA, BROWN, LIGHTGRAY, DARKGRAY, LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTCYAN, LIGHTRED, LIGHTMAGENTA, YELLOW, and WHITE are defined in <Vgraph.h> (or the unit Vgraph) by analogy with the COLORS defined in <graphics.h> (or the unit Graph) for the BGI routines, i.e. for DOS programs. Thereby, portability between DOS and Windows programs is improved. For programs designed to run exclusively under Windows, it is nevertheless recommended to use fine-tuned colors defined by the RGB macro, instead of the predefined colors. The size of the symbols may be modified with the function V_setSymbolSize. The thickness of the lines may be modified using V_setLineThickness.
Example of a C/C++ DOS program | #include <VFstd.h> #include <VFmath.h> #include <Vgraph.h> #include <conio.h> void main( void ) { ui size=101; fVector X, Y1, Y2; V_initGraph( "C:\\BorlandC\\BGI\\" ); /* Be sure the path is correct! */ X = VF_vector( size ); Y1 = VF_vector( size ); Y2 = VF_vector( size ); VF_ramp( X, size, -1.0, 2.0/100 ); VFx_sincos( Y1, Y2, X, size, 3.1415927, 0.0, 1.0 ); VF_xyAutoPlot( X, Y1, size, PS_SOLID | SY_CROSS, LIGHTGREEN ); VF_xyDataPlot( X, Y2, size, PS_SOLID | SY_CIRCLE | SY_DOTTED, LIGHTRED ); getch(); /* interrupt execution while watching; then press any key */ closegraph(); V_nfree( 3, Y2, Y1, X ); } For a Pascal demo program, see VDEMO.PAS. Under Windows, call V_initPlot instead of V_initGraph, before performing plotting operations.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_xyDataPlot, VF_yAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes, V_setSymbolSize, chapter 4.12

VF_xy2AutoPlot | VD_xy2AutoPlot | VE_xy2AutoPlot
VI_xy2AutoPlot | VBI_xy2AutoPlot | VSI_xy2AutoPlot
VLI_xy2AutoPlot | VQI_xy2AutoPlot
VU_xy2AutoPlot | VUB_xy2AutoPlot | VUS_xy2AutoPlot
VUL_xy2AutoPlot | VUI_xy2AutoPlot
Function | Draws a Cartesian coordinate system and plots two X-Y vector pairs into it.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VF_xy2AutoPlot( fVector X1, fVector Y1, ui size1, unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, fVector X2, fVector Y2, ui size2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xy2AutoPlot( const vector<T>& X1, unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, const vector<T>& X2, const vector<T>& Y2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_xy2AutoPlot( X1, Y1:fVector; size1:UInt; form1:UInt; color1:COLORREF; X2, Y2:fVector; size2:UInt; form2:UInt; color2:COLORREF );
Description | The vector Y1 is plotted against the vector X1 and Y2 against X2 after automatically drawing a Cartesian coordinate system. For a description of the parameters form1, form2, and color1, color2, see VF_xyAutoPlot. Prior to calling VF_xy2AutoPlot, the plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph or V_initPlot. The VecObj version of this function has to be called as a member function of Y1 (rather than of X1).
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_xyAutoPlot, VF_yAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes

VF_xyDataPlot | VD_xyDataPlot | VE_xyDataPlot
VI_xyDataPlot | VBI_xyDataPlot | VSI_xyDataPlot
VLI_xyDataPlot | VQI_xyDataPlot
VU_xyDataPlot | VUB_xyDataPlot | VUS_xyDataPlot
VUL_xyDataPlot | VUI_xyDataPlot
Function | X-Y-plot into an existing Cartesian coordinate system.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VF_xyDataPlot( fVector X, fVector Y, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::xyDataPlot( const vector<T>& X, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_xyDataPlot( X, Y:fVector; size:UInt; form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | The vector Y is plotted against the vector X into a Cartesian coordinate system drawn by a prior call to one of the AutoPlot functions or to V_drawAxes. For a description of the parameters form and color, see VF_xyAutoPlot. The VecObj version of this function has to be called as a member function of Y (rather than of X).
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_xyAutoPlot, VF_yAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes

VF_yAutoPlot | VD_yAutoPlot | VE_yAutoPlot
VI_yAutoPlot | VBI_yAutoPlot | VSI_yAutoPlot
VLI_yAutoPlot | VQI_yAutoPlot
VU_yAutoPlot | VUB_yAutoPlot | VUS_yAutoPlot
VUL_yAutoPlot | VUI_yAutoPlot
Function | Draws a Cartesian coordinate system and plots each element of a Y-vector against its index.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h>. void VF_yAutoPlot( fVector Y, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::yAutoPlot( unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_yAutoPlot( Y:fVector; size:UInt; form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | A Cartesian coordinate system is automatically scaled and drawn. Each element of the vector Y is plotted against its index into this coordinate system. For a description of the parameters form and color, see VF_xyAutoPlot. The plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph or V_initPlot prior to calling VF_yAutoPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_yDataPlot, VF_y2AutoPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes, chapter 4.12

VF_y2AutoPlot | VD_y2AutoPlot | VE_y2AutoPlot
VI_y2AutoPlot | VBI_y2AutoPlot | VSI_y2AutoPlot
VLI_y2AutoPlot | VQI_y2AutoPlot
VU_y2AutoPlot | VUB_y2AutoPlot | VUS_y2AutoPlot
VUL_y2AutoPlot | VUI_y2AutoPlot
Function | Draws a Cartesian coordinate system and plots two Y-vectors, taking the index as the X-axis.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VF_y2AutoPlot( fVector Y1, ui size1, unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, fVector Y2, ui size2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::y2AutoPlot( unsigned form1, COLORREF color1, const vector<T>& Y2, unsigned form2, COLORREF color2 );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_y2AutoPlot( Y1:fVector; size1:UInt; form1:UInt; color1:COLORREF; Y2:fVector; size2:UInt; form2:UInt; color2:COLORREF );
Description | A Cartesian coordinate system is automatically scaled and drawn. Each element of the vectors Y1 and Y2 is plotted at the X-position given by its index. For a description of the parameters form1, form2, and color1, color2, see VF_xyAutoPlot. The plotting routines have to be initialized by V_initGraph or V_initPlot prior to calling VF_yAutoPlot. The VecObj version of this function has to be called as a member function of Y1.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_yDataPlot, VF_y2AutoPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes, chapter 4.12

VF_yDataPlot | VD_yDataPlot | VE_yDataPlot
VI_yDataPlot | VBI_yDataPlot | VSI_yDataPlot
VLI_yDataPlot | VQI_yDataPlot
VU_yDataPlot | VUB_yDataPlot | VUS_yDataPlot
VUL_yDataPlot | VUI_yDataPlot
Function | Plots a Y-vector into an existing Cartesian coordinate system, taking the index as the X-axis.
Syntax C/C++ | #include <Vgraph.h> void VF_yDataPlot( fVector Y, ui size, unsigned form, COLORREF color );
C++ VecObj | #include <OptiVec.h> void vector<T>::yDataPlot( unsigned form, COLORREF color );
Pascal/Delphi | uses Vgraph; procedure VF_yDataPlot( Y:fVector; size:UInt; form:UInt; color:COLORREF );
Description | Each element of the vector Y is plotted into a Cartesian coordinate system that has to be already drawn by a prior call to one of the DataPlot functions or to V_drawAxes. The X-position is given by the index of the Y-element to be plotted. For a description of the parameters form and color, see VF_xyAutoPlot.
Error handling | none
Return value | none
See also | VF_yAutoPlot, VF_y2AutoPlot, VF_xyAutoPlot, VCF_autoPlot, V_drawAxes, V_findAxes, chapter 4.12

#

9. Scalar (non-vectorized) Functions

There are a few non-vectorized functions, stemming from CMATH and XMATH, which are necessary to use VectorLib. They are described here:

fcplx | dcplx | ecplx
Function | Initialization of cartesian-complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> fComplex fcplx( float ReVal, float ImVal ); (similarly dcplx, ecplx)
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure fcplx( var zy:fComplex; xRe, xIm: Single ); (similarly dcplx, ecplx)
Description | These functions allow to generate complex numbers of the three cartesian data types fComplex, dComplex, and eComplex. CMATH offers overloaded versions of these functions for C++. See CMATH.HTM, chapter 2.1 for details. In C/C++, fcplx should be used whenever temporary complex variables are needed as arguments for functions. In this case, fcplx replaces the less elegant direct assignment of the real and imaginary parts, e.g.: z.Re = 3.0; z.Im = 4.0; VCF_equC( X, size, z ); /* less convenient */ VCF_equC( Y, size, fcplx( 3.0, 4.0 )); /* easier */ In Pascal/Delphi, writing fcplx( z, 3.0, 4.0 ); is just equivalent to z.Re = 3.0; z.Im = 4.0;
Error handling | none
Return value | the generated complex number (C/C++)
See also | fpolr

isint | isintl | isintd
Function | tests if a number is a whole number
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> int isint( double x ); int isintl( long double x );
Pascal/Delphi | uses xmath; function isint( x:Extended ): IntBool; function isintd( x:Double ): IntBool;
Description | Returns TRUE (a value different from 0), if x is an integer number. FALSE (0) is returned, if x contains a non-zero fractional part.
Error handling | none
Return value | see above

isipow2 | sisipow2 | lisipow2
Function | tests if an unsigned integer is an integer power of 2
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> int isipow2( unsigned x ); int sisipow2( unsigned short x ); int lisipow2( unsigned long x );
Pascal/Delphi | uses xmath; function isipow2( x:UInt ): IntBool; function sisipow2( x:USmall ): IntBool; function lisipow2( x:ULong ): IntBool;
Description | Returns TRUE (non-zero), if x is an integer power of 2: x = 2n, n=1,2,3,... Otherwise, FALSE (0) is returned.
Error handling | none
Return value | see above

log | logd
Function | Natural logarithm: Pascal/Delphi only!
Syntax | uses xmath; function log( x:Extended x ): Extended; function logd( x:double x ): Double;
Description | The logarithm of the argument to the basis e is calculated and the result returned. The "extended" version of this function is almost identical to the built-in Pascal function Ln. Only the error handling occurs via the same handler as for the other OptiVec functions, rather than via the built-in handler of Pascal. The "double"-version, logd, is slightly faster.
Error handling | A DOMAIN error with NAN ("not-a-number") as return value results from x < 0 (including -0). A SING error with -HUGE_VAL as return value results from x=0.
Return value | The natural logarithm of the argument is returned.
See also | log2, log2d, log10, log10d, VF_log

log2 | log2l | log2d
Function | Binary logarithm
Syntax C/C++ | #include <xmath.h> double log2( double x ); long double log2l( long double x );
Pascal/Delphi | uses xmath; function log2( x:Extended ): Extended; function log2d( x:Double ): Double;
Description | The logarithm of the argument to the basis 2 is calculated and the result returned.
Error handling | A DOMAIN error with NAN ("not-a-number") as return value results from x < 0 (including -0). A SING error with -HUGE_VAL as return value results from x=0. In C/C++, the handling of both errors can be modified via _matherr or _matherrl, resp.
Return value | The binary logarithm of the argument is returned.
See also | log, log10, VF_log2

log10 | log10d
Function | Decadic logarithm: Pascal/Delphi only!
Syntax | uses xmath; function log10( x:Extended x ): Extended; function log10d( x:double x ): Double;
Description | The logarithm of the argument to the basis 10 is calculated and the result returned.
Error handling | A DOMAIN error with NAN ("not-a-number") as return value results from x < 0 (including -0). A SING error with -HUGE_VAL as return value results from x=0.
Return value | The decadic logarithm of the argument is returned.
See also | log, logd, log2, log2d, VF_log10

fpolr | dpolr | epolr
Function | Initialization of polar-complex numbers
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> fPolar fpolr( float MagVal, float ArgVal ); (similarly dpolr, epolr)
Pascal/Delphi | uses VecLib; procedure fpolr( var py:fPolar; xMag, xArg: Single ); (similarly dpolr, epolr)
Description | These functions allow to generate numbers of the three polar-complex data types fPolar, dPolar, and ePolar. CMATH offers overloaded versions of these functions for C++. See CMATH.HTM, chapter 2.1 for details. In C/C++, fpolr should be used whenever temporary complex variables are needed as arguments for functions. In this case, fpolr replaces the less elegant direct assignment of the Mag and Arg parts, e.g.: p.Mag = 3.0; p.Arg = 1.5708; VPF_equC( X, size, p ); /* less convenient */ VPF_equC( Y, size, fpolr( 3.0, 1.5708 )); /* easier */ In Pascal/Delphi, writing fpolr( p, 3.0, 1.5708 ); is just equivalent to p.Mag = 3.0; p.Arg = 1.5708;
Error handling | none
Return value | the generated polar-complex number (C/C++)
See also | fcplx

quadtod | _quadtold
Function | convert a quad into a double or long double: C/C++ only!
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> double quadtod( quad x ); long double _quadtold( quad x );
Description | These functions, along with their counterpart, setquad, provide the necessary interface for the use of the data type quad within C/C++ compilers which have no complete built-in support for 64-bit integers. If, e.g., the value of a quad (say, of x) has to be printed, this must be done by a function call like printf( "% 20.0Lf", _quadtold( x ));
Error handling | none
Return value | the value of x is returned as a double or long double.

setquad
Function | converts a long double into a quad: C/C++ only!
Syntax C/C++ | #include <VecLib.h> quad setquad( long double x );
Description | This function, along with its counterparts, quadtod and _quadtold, provides the necessary interface for the use of the data type quad within C/C++ compilers which have no complete built-in support for 64-bit integers. If, e.g., quad parameters are required by a function, they have to be passed either as existing variables of this data type, or else as in the following example: VQI_addC( QI2, QI1,size, setquad( 53563369.L ));
Error handling | none
Return value | the value of x is returned as a quad.

# E N D

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© 1996-2003 OptiCode - Dr. Martin Sander Software Dev.
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