# Object Specification Sheet

Portable Object Compiler (c) 1997, 98. All Rights Reserved.

# Object

None. (Object is the root class).

## Class Description

Object is the superclass of all classes. Methods implemented here are inherited by all Objective C classes.

## Indexed Variables

The Portable Object Compiler does not support indexed variables (variable sized objects). It is best to store data of variable size, by using a pointer to the data, instead of placing the data in the object itself.

## Limits

The Portable Object Compiler stores the size of instances of subclasses of Object in a short C integer, so it's better to use a pointer to large blocks of data, as opposed to placing the data in the object itself (as an instance variable).

The number of instance methods and class methods that a class can have, is also limited by the size of C short integer (depends on the target platform).

## Method types

### Factory Initialization

- initialize

### Creating, Copying and Freeing

- new
- copy
- deepCopy
- free
- release

### Identity

- self
- yourself
- class
- superclass
- superClass
- class
- superclass
- superClass
- name
- name
- findClass:
- findSel:
- selOfSTR:
- idOfSTR:

### Comparing

- hash
- isEqual:
- str
- size
- isEqual:
- isSame:
- notEqual:
- notSame:
- compare:

### Responding to Methods

- respondsTo:
- isMemberOf:
- isKindOf:

### Object Tables

- someInstance
- nextInstance
- become:

### Class Management

- subclasses
- poseAs:
- addMethodsTo:
- subclass:
- inheritsFrom:

### Error Handling

- subclassResponsibility
- subclassResponsibility:
- notImplemented
- notImplemented:
- shouldNotImplement
- shouldNotImplement:
- shouldNotImplement:from:
- error:
- halt:

### Unknown Messages

- doesNotRecognize:
- doesNotUnderstand:

### Method Lookup

- methodFor:
- instanceMethodFor:

### Method Performing

- perform:
- perform:with:
- perform:with:with:
- perform:with:with:with:

### Printing

- print
- print
- printLine
- show
- printOn:

### Version

- objcrtRevision

### Archiving

- readFrom:
- storeOn:

### AsciiFiler Methods

- fileOutOn:
- fileInFrom:
- fileInFrom:
- fileOut:type:
- fileIn:type:
- awake
- awakeFrom:

## Methods

### initialize

> +initialize

Every class in the application, receives an initialize message when the program starts. By default this method doesn't do anything. It can be overridden to do class initialization.

Note that all classes are guarantueed to receive initialize, before any other message is sent. Other runtimes differ with ours in this respect, that initialize is sometimes sent to a class, just before an instance of that particular class is being used (as opposed to all classes receiving initialize, before any instance receives a message).

Note: In some runtimes, the equivalent functionality is called +load instead of +initialize.

### new

> +new

Factory method to create and return a new instance of the class. The default implementation clears (zeroes) the memory for instance variables and initializes the isa pointer.

On systems that allow to recover from a failed memory allocation call, new might raise an exception that can be handled with ifOutOfMemory:. The default handler for this exception aborts the process.

### copy

> -copy

Should return a copy of the object. The difference with deepCopy is, that this copy might share pointers etc. with the receiver of the message. By default, copy just makes a byte copy of the memory for instance variables.

### deepCopy

> -deepCopy

Should return a deep copy of the object. Usually this means a copy that doesn't share objects with the original object and that can be free'ed independently. By default, deepCopy just makes a byte copy of the memory for instance variables.

### free

> -free

Sets the isa pointer for this instance to nil, frees the memory for the instance, and returns nil.

When compiling with the -gc option, the memory for the instance is not being freed. The garbage collector takes cares of this.

Note: This method is implemented as shouldNotImplement when using reference counted memory management. This is so that the user doesn't accidentally sends free messages that interfere with the reference counted memory management.

### release

> -release

Message that is automatically sent to object when using the reference count compiler option. Should free the memory for the instance, and returns nil.

### self

> -self

Method that does nothing, except for returning self.

### yourself

> -yourself

Method that does nothing, except for returning self.

### class

> -class

Returns the class object for the receiver's class.

See also: + class

### superclass

> -superclass

Returns the superclass object for the receiver's class. For GNU compatibility.

See also: + superclass

### superClass

> -superClass

Same as superclass. For Stepstone compatibility.

### class

> +class

Traditionally, the class of a class does NOT return the metaclass, but rather self (that, it, the class itself).

### superclass

> +superclass

For GNU compatibility. Returns the superclass of this factory (which is another factory object), or nil for the root.

### superClass

> +superClass

Same as superclass, but for Stepstone compatibility. Returns the superclass of this factory (which is another factory object), or nil for the root.

### name

> - (STR)name

Returns the name of the object; implemented by default to return the name of the object's class.

### name

> + (STR)name

Returns the name of the class.

### findClass:

> -findClass:(STR)name

Returns the id of a Class name, if that class has been linked in this executable image, otherwise returns nil.

### findSel:

> - (SEL)findSel:(STR)name

Returns the selector (uniqued string) of the string name. Returns NULL if name is not in the selector table.

### selOfSTR:

> - (SEL)selOfSTR:(STR)name

Same as findSel:, but raises an exception if the selector is not found.

### idOfSTR:

> -idOfSTR:(STR)aClassName

Same as findClass: , but raises an exception if the class is not found.

### hash

> - (unsigned)hash

Returns a small integer value derived from the object, that should be equal for two objects for which isEqual: returns YES. By default, returns the pointer address of the object as an unsigned integer.

### isEqual:

> - (BOOL)isEqual:anObject

Should return YES if the receiver is equal to anObject. By default, compares the pointer addresses of the two objects.

### str

> - (STR)str

Returns the name of the object; implemented by default to return the name of the object's class. The String subclass overrides this method to return its contents. The method isEqual: of the String class is implemented in terms of str, and String instances can therefore be compared with arbitrary objects.

### size

> - (unsigned)size

Returns the number of other objects that this object contains. Returns 0 by default, but the Collection subclasses override this method to return the size of their contents.

### isEqual:

> + (BOOL)isEqual:anObject

Tests whether two class objects are the same.

### isSame:

> - (BOOL)isSame:anObject

Returns YES if the pointer addresses of the two objects are equal.

### notEqual:

> - (BOOL)notEqual:anObject

Whether isEqual: returns NO.

### notSame:

> - (BOOL)notSame:anObject

Whether isSame: returns NO.

### compare:

> - (int)compare:anObject

Should return an integer which is less than, equal to, or greater than zero, if the receiver is less than, equal to, or greater than anObject. The return value is called the method's comparison value.

### respondsTo:

> - (BOOL)respondsTo:(SEL)aSelector

Test whether the class implements a certain method. Returns YES if the class itself, or one of its superclasses, implements the method, otherwise NO. The method does not generate an error if the class does not implement the method.

### isMemberOf:

> - (BOOL)isMemberOf:aClass

Returns YES if the receiver is an instance of aClass, but NO if it's an instance of some subclass of aClass.

### isKindOf:

> - (BOOL)isKindOf:aClass

Returns YES if the receiver is an instance of aClass or an instance from some subclass of aClass. If the receiver is a class, returns YES if aClass is the rootclass (Object) and NO otherwise.

Note: For portability, this method always needs to be used as follows:

>     [ foo isKindOf:(id) [Classname class] ];

The reason is that some compilers do not allow class names as expressions, so the class must be obtained by sending a class message. In addition, some compilers have a isKindOf: method that takes an id argument, but the return value of self or class can be SHR for those compilers. Therefore, it's necessary to cast the return value to id (to avoid compiler warnings).

See also: +inheritsFrom:, -isMemberOf:

### someInstance

> +someInstance

Returns the first instance in an enumeration of instances, or nil when there is no instance.

Note: Works only when using the -otb compiler switch.

### nextInstance

> -nextInstance

Returns the next instance in the enumeration of instances of a class, or nil when there are no more instances.

Note: Works only when using the -otb compiler switch.

### become:

> -become:other

Swaps pointers for the receiver of the message and the argument. All variables that used to point to the receiver, now point to the argument, and vice-versa.

Note: Works only when using the -otb compiler switch.

### subclasses

> +subclasses

Returns a OrdCltn of direct subclasses of the class that receives the message. If the class has no subclasses, then this method returns an empty OrdCltn (not nil). The class itself is not considered subclass of itself.

Note: This method is Portable Object Compiler only.

See also: +class, +superclass, +inheritsFrom:

### poseAs:

> +poseAs:superClass

The poseAs: method permits to modify a supplied superClass (for which, for example, no source code is available) by substituting a direct subclass of superClass. It is normally used inside +initialize, but the Portable Object Compiler allows poseAs: to be used anywhere in the program.

>     + initialize { [self poseAs:[Set self]]; return self; }

The example shows how the initialize of some subclass, called for example SubSet, can substitute SubSet for Set. Methods defined in SubSet override those defined in the superclass, and new methods from SubSet, will appear to have come from the Set class.

When performing a poseAs:, the following rules must be followed:

- The posing class must be an immediate subclass of the class that it is to impersonate.
- The posing class may define or redefine only methods.
- Specifically, the posing class may NOT add any new instance variables.

The Portable Object Compiler implementation of poseAs: differs from some other runtimes, since it allows poseAs: to happen, even after messages have been sent to instances of posing or impersonated class.

Implementation details:

- poseAs: patches the superclass pointer of all subclasses (other than the posing class) that inherit from superClass
- poseAs: changes the name of superClass by prefixing the name with _%
- findClass: for the name of superClass will return the posing subclass.

Note: All Objective-C compilers provide this functionality (sometimes with restrictions on when the method can be called)

### addMethodsTo:

> +addMethodsTo:superClass

The addMethodsTo: method permits to modify a supplied superClass (for which, for example, no source code is available) by adding the (instance and factory) methods of a direct subclass, to superClass. It is normally used inside +initialize, but the Portable Object Compiler allows addMethodsTo: to be used anywhere in the program.

The same restrictions apply as for poseAs: : the subclass needs to be a direct subclass of superClass and it may not add instance variables. However, unlike poseAs:, the subclass will not be substituted for the superClass for purposes as fileIn: etc. Also, (unlike poseAs:) when the subclass adds a method to the superClass that was overridden from the superClass, then this method will not replace the method of the superClass.

Note: Portable Object Compiler only.

### subclass:

> +subclass:(STR)name

Method to dynamically subclass a class. Returns a new class object, registered under the name name, as subclass of self. Methods like findClass: will also return this new class.

Note: Portable Object Compiler only.

### inheritsFrom:

> + (BOOL)inheritsFrom:aClass

Returns YES if the receiving class is a subclass (direct or not) from aClass. Returns NO if the receiver is aClass itself, e.g. :

>     - (BOOL)isKindOf:c { return (isa==c) || [isa inheritsFrom:aClass]; }

Note: For compatibility with Squeak.

### subclassResponsibility

> -subclassResponsibility

Used in classes to indicate that the functionality is assumed to be implemented by a subclass, as in:

>     - foo { [self subclassResponsibility]; }

If the subclass does not implement the method, then an error message is generated.

### subclassResponsibility:

> -subclassResponsibility:(SEL)aSelector

For Stepstone compatibility.

### notImplemented

> -notImplemented

Method to indicate that a method is temporarily not implemented :

>     -foo { [self notImplemented]; }

When designing a class, the method notImplemented can be used to implement stubs for the methods that make up the class. When the design phase is finished, the actual implementation can begin. If later, by accident, not all functionality is properly implemented, the method notImplemented will help finding this.

### notImplemented:

> -notImplemented:(SEL)aSelector

For Stepstone compatibility.

### shouldNotImplement

> -shouldNotImplement

This is the opposite of subclassResponsibility and a stronger form of notImplemented : shouldNotImplement should be used, when the class is not supposed to implement some method, i.e. when the method is not appropriate for the class and its subclasses.

An abstract superclass, called MyClass for example, can use this method to indicate that subclasses should not send (or be sent) a new message, but that they are supposed to send some other method (such as foo: perhaps) :

>     +new { [self shouldNotImplement]; }
>     +foo:aBar { self = [super new];bar = aBar; return self; }

This announces that new, which would otherwise have been inherited from the root class, is not an appropriate way to create an instance of a subclass of MyClass.

### shouldNotImplement:

> -shouldNotImplement:(SEL)aSelector

Method for Stepstone compatibility.

### shouldNotImplement:from:

> -shouldNotImplement:(SEL)aSelector from:superClass

Method for Stepstone compatibility.

### error:

> -error:(STR)format,...

Generate an error message. Takes a format string in the style of the C library function printf, with a variable number of arguments. Returns self.

This method is present in most runtimes, but it was reimplemented in the Portable Object Compiler, so that the error can be caught, using the Block instance method ifError:. Traditionally, the method error: simply aborts the process, and the default error handler in our implementation does the same thing.

### halt:

> -halt:message

This method is equivalent to the error: method but takes an object as argument.

The halt method pops an error handler from the stack of handlers, as maintained by ifError:. The handler is evaluated with the message and the receiver of the halt: message, as arguments. If the handler returns, it is pushed again on the stack. If there were no handlers on the stack, the default error handler is used instead, as returned by errorHandler.

Note: Portable Object Compiler specific

### doesNotRecognize:

> -doesNotRecognize:(SEL)aSelector

Automatically sent by the runtime when the class does not implement aSelector.

Note: The Portable Object Compiler offers a generalization of this method, called doesNotUnderstand:. The doesNotRecognize: method is sent via doesNotUnderstand: and not directly by the messenger.

See also: doesNotUnderstand:

### doesNotUnderstand:

> -doesNotUnderstand:aMessage

This method is sent by the messenger when a message is sent to an object, that is not implemented by that object. The default implementation is,

>     [self doesNotRecognize:[aMessage selector]];

which means that code that was overriding doesNotRecognize: to do forwarding of (unary) messages can continue to work.

However, the new (Portable Object Compiler specific) doesNotUnderstand: method, together with the Message class, provides a way of forwarding messages with arbitrary return values and arguments.

See also: Message Class

### methodFor:

> - (IMP)methodFor:(SEL)aSelector

Returns a function implementation pointer for aSelector. Returns a pointer to an error handling function if the object does not respond to aSelector.

Use of this method for reasons of performance, is not encouraged, because by repeatedly using the resulting function pointer, one is bypassing (the benefits of) dynamic binding.

A good use of methodFor: however, is, because this method is supported by various runtimes, to send a message in a runtime independent, portable way, without using runtime specific functions (such as _imp(), _msg(), objc_msg_Send() etc. which have, unlike methodFor: non-standard names) :

>     ((int (*) (id,id,BOOL))[object methodFor:selector])(object,arg,flag);

The same thing can be achieved by using the _imp() function immediately, but the above is preferred usage, since it will also work for NeXT, Stepstone and GNU.

### instanceMethodFor:

> + (IMP)instanceMethodFor:(SEL)aSelector

Returns a function implementation pointer for aSelector. Returns a pointer to an error handling function if the object does not respond to aSelector.

Use of this method is not encouraged, because by using the resulting function pointer, one is bypassing (the benefits of) dynamic binding.

### perform:

> -perform:(SEL)aSelector

Returns the value that would result when sending aSelector to the receiver.

### perform:with:

> -perform:(SEL)aSelector with:anObject

Returns the value that would result when sending aSelector to the receiver with a single argument anObject. The following are equivalent :

>     [aReceiver perform:@selector(do:) with:anObject];

and

>     [aReceiver do:anObject];

### perform:with:with:

> -perform:(SEL)aSelector with:anObject with:otherObject

Returns the value that would result when sending aSelector to the receiver with arguments anObject and otherObject.

### perform:with:with:with:

> -perform:(SEL)aSelector with:anObject with:otherObject with:thirdObj

Returns the value that would result when sending aSelector to the receiver with arguments anObject and otherObject.

### print

> -print

Prints the object to the stdout and returns self. Implemented as,

>     return [self printOn:stdout];

meaning that if you implement printOn:, then this method will work.

### print

> +print

Factory method to print the name of the class to the stdout and to return self.

### printLine

> -printLine

Prints the object (in the sense of print) and then a newline.

### show

> -show

Displays the object on the stderr, by using Filer code, and returns self. Because it is implemented in terms of Filer code, this method is completely unrelated to the print method, although that the goal in both cases is to print a symbolic representation of the object.

This method is extremely useful for debugging. The compiler automatically implements Filer methods, so this method dumps instance variables of the object in a symbolic format, without the programmer having to implement debug/printing routines.

Method for Stepstone compatibility. Used in Producer code.

### printOn:

> -printOn:(IOD)anIOD

Should print the object to anIOD, which is of type IOD (defined as an input output device, a FILE pointer, to be used with standard I/O). Should return the receiver. By default, the method prints nothing.

This is the method to override in subclasses to make print, printLine etc. to work.

### objcrtRevision

> + (STR)objcrtRevision

Returns the version string of the runtime being used.

### readFrom:

> +readFrom:(STR)aFileName

Activates the object stored in the file aFileName. The object will in all respects be functional, as it was before being stored. Works by indirectly calling fileIn(). The class AsciiFiler must be linked into the application for this method to work.

This message can be sent to any factory object without regard of the class of the object being read in. In other words, if file foo contains a saved instance of a OrdCltn, then

>     id myCollection = [Object readFrom:"foo"];

will work, ie. the receiver doesn't need to be OrdCltn. Returns nil on failure.

### storeOn:

> - (BOOL)storeOn:(STR)aFileName

Stores the receiver to a file named aFileName, in a format such that the object can then be activated later, using the readFrom: method. Works by indirectly calling the function storeOn(). The class AsciiFiler must be linked into the application for this method to work

### fileOutOn:

> -fileOutOn:aFiler

Writes the receiver on aFiler. This is the method that a subclass will override to do it own processing, if the default implementation, which automatically writes out all instance variables of type id, does not suffice.

This method will be invoked twice by the Filer class, during archiving.

### fileInFrom:

> +fileInFrom:aFiler

Creates a new instance of the class, files in the instance from aFiler (by sending the new object a fileInFrom:) message, and returns the new object.

### fileInFrom:

> -fileInFrom:aFiler

Reads the receiver from aFiler. The default implementation automatically reads in instance variables of type id. This method must be overridden to match fileOutFor:, if that method was implemented by the subclass.

One should realize that, at the time this method is invoked, not all objects are guarantueed to be in a usable state. This is only true once the filer starts sending awakeFrom: messages.

### fileOut:type:

> -fileOut:(void *)value type:(char)typeDesc

Method to be implemented by Filer class.

### fileIn:type:

> -fileIn:(void *)value type:(char)typeDesc

Method to be implemented by Filer class.

### awake

> -awake

This message is sent to every object when it is filed in, after all the objects it references are in a usable state. The default implementation simply returns self.

### awakeFrom:

> -awakeFrom:aFiler

Allows the receiver to do some cleanup work after an object has been filed in. It is a generalization of the old -awake method. The difference is that this method passes aFiler as an argument. The default implementation is to send the awake message.