    Project Gutenberg's Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2, by Jane Marcet

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
    almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
    re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
    with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

    Title: Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2
           In Which the Elements of that Science Are Familiarly
                  Explained and Illustrated by Experiments

    Author: Jane Marcet

    Release Date: October 13, 2008 [EBook #26908]

    Language: English

    Character set encoding: UTF-8

    *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY, V. 1-2 ***

    Produced by Louise Hope

Caution: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME.

This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your browser’s default font.

The original book was published in two volumes. The format is reproduced for this e-text, except that the author’s preface (originally in Volume I) and the combined index (Volume II) are in this introductory file.

See the end of this file for notes on scientific terminology, spelling, Plates and chapter numbering.

Contents (Chapter titles only)
Volume I: Conversations I-X with detailed Contents
Volume II: Conversations XIII-XXVI with detailed Contents
General Index

# CONVERSATIONS

# ON

# CHEMISTRY;

# IN WHICH

# THE ELEMENTS OF THAT SCIENCE

# ARE

# FAMILIARLY EXPLAINED

# AND

# ILLUSTRATED BY EXPERIMENTS.

# IN TWO VOLUMES.

# The Fifth Edition, revised, corrected, and considerably enlarged.

# LONDON:

# PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.

# 1817.

###### Printed by A. Strahan,
Printers-Street, London.

### ADVERTISEMENT.

The Author, in this fifth edition, has endeavoured to give an account of the principal discoveries which have been made within the last four years in Chemical Science, and of the various important applications, such as the gas-lights, and the miner’s-lamp, to which they have given rise. But in regard to doctrines or principles, the work has undergone no material alteration.

London, July, 1817.

v

### PREFACE.

In venturing to offer to the public, and more particularly to the female sex, an Introduction to Chemistry, the author, herself a woman, conceives that some explanation may be required; and she feels it the more necessary to apologise for the present undertaking, as her knowledge of the subject is but recent, and as she can have no real claims to the title of chemist.

On attending for the first time experimental lectures, the author found it almost impossible to derive any clear or satisfactory information from the rapid demonstrations which are usually, and perhaps necessarily, crowded into popular courses of this kind. But frequent opportunities having vi afterwards occurred of conversing with a friend on the subject of chemistry, and of repeating a variety of experiments, she became better acquainted with the principles of that science, and began to feel highly interested in its pursuit. It was then that she perceived, in attending the excellent lectures delivered at the Royal Institution, by the present Professor of Chemistry, the great advantage which her previous knowledge of the subject, slight as it was, gave her over others who had not enjoyed the same means of private instruction. Every fact or experiment attracted her attention, and served to explain some theory to which she was not a total stranger; and she had the gratification to find that the numerous and elegant illustrations, for which that school is so much distinguished, seldom failed to produce on her mind the effect for which they were intended.

Hence it was natural to infer, that familiar conversation was, in studies of this kind, a most useful auxiliary source of information; vii and more especially to the female sex, whose education is seldom calculated to prepare their minds for abstract ideas, or scientific language.

As, however, there are but few women who have access to this mode of instruction; and as the author was not acquainted with any book that could prove a substitute for it, she thought that it might be useful for beginners, as well as satisfactory to herself, to trace the steps by which she had acquired her little stock of chemical knowledge, and to record, in the form of dialogue, those ideas which she had first derived from conversation.

But to do this with sufficient method, and to fix upon a mode of arrangement, was an object of some difficulty. After much hesitation, and a degree of embarrassment, which, probably, the most competent chemical writers have often felt in common with the most superficial, a mode of division was adopted, which, though the most natural, does not always admit of being viii strictly pursued—it is that of treating first of the simplest bodies, and then gradually rising to the most intricate compounds.

It is not the author’s intention to enter into a minute vindication of this plan. But whatever may be its advantages or inconveniences, the method adopted in this work is such, that a young pupil, who should occasionally recur to it, with a view to procure information on particular subjects, might often find it obscure or unintelligible; for its various parts are so connected with each other as to form an uninterrupted chain of facts and reasonings, which will appear sufficiently clear and consistent to those only who may have patience to go through the whole work, or have previously devoted some attention to the subject.

It will, no doubt, be observed, that in the course of these Conversations, remarks are often introduced, which appear much too acute for the young pupils, by whom ix they are supposed to be made. Of this fault the author is fully aware. But, in order to avoid it, it would have been necessary either to omit a variety of useful illustrations, or to submit to such minute explanations and frequent repetitions, as would have rendered the work tedious, and therefore less suited to its intended purpose.

In writing these pages, the author was more than once checked in her progress by the apprehension that such an attempt might be considered by some, either as unsuited to the ordinary pursuits of her sex, or ill-justified by her own recent and imperfect knowledge of the subject. But, on the one hand, she felt encouraged by the establishment of those public institutions, open to both sexes, for the dissemination of philosophical knowledge, which clearly prove that the general opinion no longer excludes women from an acquaintance with the elements of science; and, on the other, she flattered herself that whilst the impressions made upon her mind, by the wonders x of Nature, studied in this new point of view, were still fresh and strong, she might perhaps succeed the better in communicating to others the sentiments she herself experienced.

The reader will soon perceive, in perusing this work, that he is often supposed to have previously acquired some slight knowledge of natural philosophy, a circumstance, indeed, which appears very desirable. The author’s original intention was to commence this work by a small tract, explaining, on a plan analogous to this, the most essential rudiments of that science. This idea she has since abandoned; but the manuscript was ready, and might, perhaps, have been printed at some future period, had not an elementary work of a similar description, under the tide of “Scientific Dialogues,” been pointed out to her, which, on a rapid perusal, she thought very ingenious, and well calculated to answer its intended object.

### CONTENTS

Page numbers have been retained to give an idea of the relative length of each Conversation.

I.xvi

##### ERRATA.

Vol. I. page 56. | last line but one, for “caloric,” read “calorific.”
179. | Note, for “Plate XII.” r. “Plate XIII.”

363

### INDEX.

Index links lead only to the top of the page, not to the exact item referenced. Some browsers may not display page numbers correctly. If a link seems to lead to the wrong page, the link is right and the visible page number is wrong.

A B C D E F G H IJ K
L M N O P Q R S T V U W Y Z

U, V are alphabetized as shown. J is not separated from I.

A Absorbent vessels, ii. 304 Absorption of caloric, i. 59. 66 Acetic acid, ii. 75. 197 Acetous fermentation, ii. 232 —— acid, ii. 193. 232 Acidulous gaseous mineral waters, ii. 129 —— salts, ii. 200 Acids, i. 262. ii. 69 Aeriform, i. 36 Affinity, i. 19. ii. 1 Agate, ii. 51 Agriculture, ii. 252 Air, i. 182. ii. 262 Albumen, ii. 277. 288 Alburnum, ii. 267 Alchemists, i. 4 Alcohol, or spirit of wine, ii. 215. 222 Alembic, i. 258 Alkalies, ii. 19 Alkaline earths, ii. 50. 58 Alloys, i. 344 Alum, or sulphat of alumine, ii. 55. 95 Alumine, ii. 54 Alumium, i. 13 Amalgam, i. 347 Ambergris, ii. 358 Amethyst, ii. 58 Amianthus, ii. 66 Ammonia, or volatile alkali, i. 363. ii. 20. 35 Ammoniacal gas, ii. 36 Ammonium, i. 13 Analysis, i. 287 —— of vegetables, ii. 165 Animals, ii. 276 Animal acids, ii. 75. 290 —— colours, ii. 292 —— heat, ii. 337 —— oil, ii. 178. 283 Animalization, ii. 276. 297. 315 Antidotes, ii. 41. 87 Antimony, i. 14 Aqua fortis, ii. 105 —— regia, i. 340. ii. 144 Arrack, ii. 220 Argand’s Lamp, i. 208 Arsenic, i. 14. 340. 348 Arteries, ii. 304. 323 Arterial blood, ii. 305. 326. 338 Asphaltum, ii. 240 Assafœtida, ii. 188 Assimilation, ii. 298 Astringent principle, ii. 198 Atmosphere, i. 90. 181. ii. 262 Atmospherical air, i. 182 Attraction of aggregation, or cohesion, i. 16. ii. 2 364 —— of composition, i. 16. ii. 1 Azot, or nitrogen, i. 182, ii. 100 Azotic gas, i. 182 B Index top Balsams, ii. 165. 188 Balloons, i. 245 Bark, ii. 193. 265 Barytes, ii. 44. 58. 61 Bases of acids, i. 263. ii. 69 —— gases, i. 183 —— salts, ii. 5 Beer, ii. 212. 220 Benzoic acid, ii. 74. 197 Bile, ii. 308 Birds, ii. 347 Bismuth, i. 14 Bitumens, ii. 239 Black lead, or plumbago, i. 304 Bleaching, i. 32. ii. 89. 140. Blow-pipe, i. 324. ii. 226 Blood, ii. 306. 317 Blood-vessels, ii. 298 Boiling water, i. 93 Bombic acid, ii. 75. 290 Bones, ii. 298, 299 Boracic acid, i. 365. ii. 131 Boracium, i. 13. ii. 132 Borat of soda, ii. 133 Brandy, ii. 218 Brass, i. 344 Bread, ii. 233 Bricks, ii. 56 Brittle-metals, i. 14 Bronze, i. 341 Butter, ii. 351 Butter-milk, ii. 352 C Index top Calcareous earths, ii. 65 —— stones, ii. 123 Calcium, i. 13 Caloric, i. 12. 33 ——, absorption of, i. 66 ——, conductors of, i. 70 ——, combined, i. 122 ——, expansive power of i. 35 ——, equilibrium of, i. 50 ——, reflexion of, i. 54. 67 ——, radiation of, i. 52. 61 ——, solvent power of, i. 96. 102 ——, capacity for, i. 124 Calorimeter, i. 156 Calx, i. 183 Camphor, ii. 165. 185 Camphoric acid, ii. 74. 197 Caoutchouc, ii. 165. 189 Carbonats, ii. 25. 129 Carbonat of ammonia, ii. 41 —— lead, i. 320 —— lime, ii. 59. 130 —— magnesia, ii. 67 —— potash, ii. 25 Carbonated hydrogen gas, i. 302 Carbon, i. 282. ii. 329 Carbonic acid, i. 290. 359. ii. 327 Carburet of iron, i. 304. 342 Carmine, ii. 295 Cartilage, ii. 303 Castor, ii. 359 Cellular membrane, ii. 311 Caustics, i. 349 Chalk, ii. 62. 123 Charcoal, i. 282 Cheese, ii. 356 Chemical attraction, i. 15. ii. 9 Chemistry, i. 3 Chest, ii. 318 China, ii. 54 Chlorine, i. 214 Chrome, i. 14. 340 Chyle, ii. 305. 317 Chyme, ii. 316 365 Citric acid, ii. 74. 197 Circulation of the blood, ii. 322 Civet, ii. 359 Clay, i. 48. ii. 55 Coke, ii. 241 Coal, ii. 240. 252 Cobalt, i. 14 Cochineal, ii. 295 Cold, i. 50. 58 —— from evaporation, i. 102. 113. 150 Colours of metallic oxyds, i. 319 Columbium, i. 14. 340. 348 Combined caloric, i. 122 Combustion, i. 190 ——, volatile products of, i. 207 ——, fixed products of, i. 207 ——, of alcohol, ii. 225 ——, of ammoniacal gas, ii. 42 ——, of boracium, ii. 133 ——, by oxymuriatic acid or chlorine, ii. 142 ——, of carbon, i. 289 ——, of coals, i. 207. 297 ——, of charcoal by nitric acid, ii. 102 ——, of candles, i. 236. 309. ii. 179 ——, of diamonds, i. 292 ——, of ether, ii. 230 ——, of hydrogen, i. 229. ——, of iron, i. 200. 322 ——, of metals, i. 321 ——, of oils, i. 208. ii. 178. 309 ——, of oil of turpentine by nitrous acid, ii. 6 ——, of phosphorus, i. 272 ——, of sulphur, i. 261 —— of potassium, i. 358. ii. 132. 138, 139 Compound bodies, i. 9. ii. 14 —— or neutral salts i. 333. ii. 4 Conductors of heat, i. 71 ——, solids, i. 73 ——, fluids, i. 78 ——, Count Rumford’s theory, i. 79 Constituent parts, i. 9 Copper, i. 14. 331 Copal, ii. 187. 224 Cortical layers, ii. 265. 267 Cotyledons, or lobes, ii. 256 Cream, ii. 351 Cream of tartar, or tartrit of potash, ii. 200. 222 Cryophorus, i. 154 Crystallisation, i. 338. ii. 47 Cucurbit, i. 258 Culinary heat, i. 88 Curd, ii. 351. 354 Cuticle, or epidermis, ii. 310 D Index top Decomposition, i. 8. 20 —— of atmospherical air, i. 181. 209 —— of water by the Voltaic battery, i. 220 —— of salts by the Voltaic battery, ii. 14 —— of water by metals, i. 225. 334 —— —— by carbon, i. 301 —— of vegetables, ii. 202 —— of potash, i. 356 —— of soda, i. 56 —— of ammonia, i. 363. ii. 37 366 —— of the boracic acid, ii. 132 —— of the fluoric acid, ii. 136 —— of the muriatic acid, ii. 139 Deflagration, ii. 118 Definite proportions, ii. 13 Deliquescence, ii. 95 Detonation, i. 219. ii. 116 Dew, i. 105 Diamond, i. 285 Diaphragm, ii. 320 Digestion, ii. 316 Dissolution of metals, i. 165. 316. 333 Distillation, i. 259. ii. 218 —— of red wine, ii. 218 Divellent forces, ii. 12 Division, i. 7 Drying oils, ii. 181 Dying, ii. 191 E Index top Earths, ii. 44 Earthen-ware, ii. 53. 57 Effervescence, i. 298 Efflorescence, ii. 94 Elastic fluids, i. 37 Electricity, i. 12. 25. 160. 220. ii. 139 Electric machine, i. 169 Elective attractions, ii. 9 Elementary bodies, i. 8. 12 Elixirs, tinctures, or quintessences, ii. 225 Enamel, ii. 57 Epidermis of vegetables, ii. 269 —— of animals, ii. 310 Epsom salts, ii. 63. 95 Equilibrium of caloric, i. 50 Essences, i. 307. ii. 183. 224 Essential, or volatile oils, i. 307. ii. 183 Ether, i. 111. ii. 229 Evaporation, i. 103 Evergreens, ii. 274 Eudiometer, i. 276 Expansion of caloric, i. 36 Extractive colouring matter, ii. 165. 190 F Index top Falling stones, i. 319 Fat, i. 306. ii. 311 Feathers, ii. 300 Fecula, ii. 176 Fermentation, ii. 205 Fibrine, ii. 277. 289 Fire, i. 7. 27 Fish, ii. 346 Fixed air, or carbonic acid, i. 290. ii. 125 —— alkalies, ii. 20 —— oils, i. 307. ii. 165. 177 —— products of combustion, i. 207 Flame, i. 237 Flint, ii. 30. 51 Flower or blossom, ii. 271 Fluoric acid, ii. 54. 134 Fluorium, or Fluorine, i. 12. ii. 136 Formic acid, ii. 290 Fossil wood, ii. 242 Frankincense, ii. 187 Free or radiant caloric, or heat of temperature, i. 33 Freezing mixtures, i. 142 —— by evaporation, i. 104. 150, &c. Frost, i. 94 Fruit, ii. 271 Fuller’s earth, ii. 55 Furnace, i. 304 367 G Index top Galls, ii. 199 Gallat of iron, ii. 98 Gallic acid, ii. 74. 197, 198 Galvanism, i. 163 Gas, i. 182 Gas-lights, i. 240 Gaseous oxyd of carbon, i. 296 —— nitrogen, ii. 111 Gastric juice, ii. 316 Gelatine, or jelly, ii. 277. 280 Germination, ii. 256 Gin, ii. 221 Glands, ii. 298. 307 Glass, ii. 30 Glauber’s salts, or sulphat of soda, ii. 92 Glazing, ii. 57 Glucium, i. 13 Glue, ii. 281. 287 Gluten, ii. 165. 177 Gold, i. 14. 323 Gum, ii. 170 —— arabic, ii. 170 —— elastic, or caoutchouc, ii. 189 —— resins, ii. 165. 188 Gunpowder, ii. 116 Gypsum, or plaister of Paris, or sulphat of lime, ii. 95 H Index top Hair, ii. 300 Harrogate water, i. 268. 341 Hartshorn, ii. 35. 39. 281. 285 Heart, ii. 323 —— wood, ii. 268 Heat, i. 26. 33 —— of capacity, i. 127. 135 —— of temperature, i. 33 Honey, ii. 175 Horns, ii. 282. 300 Hydro-carbonat, i. 241. 303 Hydrogen, i. 214 —— gas, i. 215 IJ Index top Jasper, ii. 51 Ice, i. 138 Jelly, ii. 281 Jet, ii. 240 Ignes fatui, i. 277 Ignition, i. 119 Imponderable agents, i. 12 Inflammable air, i. 215 Ink, ii. 98. 199 Insects, ii. 349 Integrant pans, i. 9 Iridium, i. 14 Iron, i. 14. 319. 328 Isinglass, ii. 194. 285 Ivory black, ii. 295 Iodine, i. 214. ii. 157 K Index top Kali, ii. 34 Koumiss, ii. 356 | L Lac, ii. 358 Lactic acid, ii. 75. 290. 356 Lakes, colours, ii. 190 Latent heat, i. 133 Lavender water, ii. 184. 224 Lead, i. 14. 318. 330 Leather, ii. 193. 287 Leaves, ii. 260 Life, ii. 159. 168 Ligaments, ii. 303 Light, i. 12. 26. ii. 261 Lightning, i. 248 Lime, ii. 59 —— water, ii. 61 368 Limestone, ii. 60 Linseed oil, ii. 178 Liqueurs, ii. 224 Liver, ii. 308 Lobes, ii. 256. 332 Lunar caustic, or nitrat of silver, i. 350. ii. 119 Lungs, ii. 319. 330 Lymph, ii. 304 Lymphatic vessels, ii. 304 M Index top Magnesia, ii. 44. 66 Magnium, i. 13 Malic acid, ii. 74. 197 Malt, ii. 211 Malleable metals, i. 14 Manganese, i. 14. 317 Manna, ii. 176 Manure, ii. 247 Marble, ii. 123 Marine acid, or muriatic acid, ii. 136 Mastic, ii. 187. 224 Materials of animals, ii. 277 —— of vegetables, ii. 165 Mercury, i. 14. 346 ——, new mode of freezing, i. 155. 347 Metallic acids, i. 340 —— oxyds, i. 316 Metals, i. 12. 314 Meteoric stones, i. 342 Mica, ii. 66 Milk, ii. 299. 306. 350 Minerals, i. 315. ii. 44. 158 Mineral waters, i. 296. ii. 129 —— acids, ii. 73 Miner’s lamp, i. 249 Mixture, i. 99 Molybdena, i. 14. 340 Mordant, ii. 165. 192 Mortar, ii. 53. 65 Mucilage, ii. 170 Mucous acid, ii. 74. 171. 197 —— membrane, ii. 311 Muriatic acid, or marine acid, ii. 136 Muriats, ii. 151 Muriat of ammonia, ii. 35. 152 —— lime, i. 100 —— soda, or common salt, ii. 136. 151 —— potash, ii. 138 Muriatium, i. 13 Muscles of animals, ii. 298. 303 Musk, ii. 359 Myrrh, ii. 188 N. Index top Naphtha, i. 357. ii. 240 Negative electricity, i. 25. 161. 185 Nerves, ii. 279. 298. 308 Neutral, or compound salts, i. 333. ii. 4. 22. 69 Nickel, i. 13. 343 Nitre, or nitrat of potash, or saltpetre, ii. 32. 104. 116 Nitric acid, ii. 100 Nitrogen, or azot, i. 181. ii. 100 —— gas, i. 182. 211 Nitro-muriatic acid, or aqua regia, ii. 144 Nitrous acid gas, ii. 101. 106 —— air, or nitrit oxyd gas, ii. 107 Nitrats, ii. 116 Nitrat of copper, ii. 5 —— ammonia, ii. 113. 118 —— potash, or nitre, or saltpetre, ii. 32. 104. 116 —— silver, or lunar caustic, ii. 19 Nomenclature of acids, i. 264. ii. 69 —— compound salts, ii. 4. 22 369 —— other binary compounds, i. 278 Nut-galls, ii. 98. 199 Nut-oil, ii. 178 Nutrition, ii. 297 O Index top Ochres, i. 320 Oils, i. 285. ii. 306 Oil of amber, ii. 241 —— vitriol, or sulphuric acid, ii. 80 Olive oil, ii. 178 Ores, i. 315 Organized bodies, ii. 159 Organs of animals, ii. 290. 310 —— vegetables, ii. 159. 265. 271 Osmium, i. 14. 348 Oxalic acid, ii. 74. 197 Oxyds, i. 198 Oxyd of manganese, i. 117. 317 —— iron, i. 204. 319 —— lead, i. 319 —— sulphur, ii. 91 Oxydation, or oxygenation, i. 196 Oxygen, i. 11. 181. 201. 211 —— gas, or vital air, i. 182. 201 Oxy-muriatic acid, ii. 140 Oxy-muriats, ii. 153 Oxy-muriat of potash, ii. 155 P Index top Palladium, i. 13. 348 Papin’s digester, i. 120. ii. 284 Parenchyma, ii. 256. 266 Particles, i. 16 Pearlash, ii. 24 Peat, ii. 242 Peculiar juice of plants, ii. 268 Perfect metals, i. 14. 324 Perfumes, i. 308. ii. 183 Perspiration, ii. 333. 329 Petrification, ii. 237 Pewter, i. 344 Pharmacy, i. 14 Phosphat of lime, ii. 99. 299 Phosphorated hydrogen gas, i. 277 Phosphorescence, i. 29 Phosphoric acid, i. 273. ii. 99 Phosphorous acid, i. 274. ii. 99 Phosphorus, i. 270 Phosphoret of lime, i. 278. 341 —— sulphur, i. 279. 341 Pitch, ii. 187 Plaster, ii. 65 Platina, i. 14. 323 Plating, i. 345 Plumbago, or black lead, i. 304 Plumula, ii. 257 Porcelain, ii. 56 Positive electricity, i. 25. 161. 185 Potassium, i. 13. 357. ii. 15 Pottery, ii. 56 Potash, i. 356. ii. 22 Precipitate, i. 22 Pressure of the atmosphere, i. 112. 116 Printer’s ink, ii. 144 Prussiat of iron, or prussian blue, ii. 291 —— potash, ii. 291 Prussic acid, ii. 75. 290 Putrid fermentation, ii. 235. 360 Pyrites, i. 341. ii. 97 Pyrometer, i. 38. 42 Q Index top Quick lime, ii. 59 Quiescent forces, ii. 12 370 R Index top Radiation of caloric, i. 52 ——, Prevost’s theory, i. 52 ——, Pictet’s explanations, i. 54 ——, Leslie’s illustrations, i. 61 Radicals, ii. 5. 69 Radicle; or root, ii. 257 Rain, i. 104 Rancidity, ii. 182 Rectification, ii. 223 Reflexion of caloric, i. 54. 64 Reptiles, ii. 349 Resins, ii. 165, 186. 266 Respiration, ii. 317. 326 Reviving of metals, i. 327 Rhodium, i. 14. 348 Roasting metals, i. 316 Rock crystal, ii. 61 Ruby, ii. 53 Rum, ii. 219 Rust, i. 318. 328 S Index top Saccharine fermentation, ii. 208 Sal ammoniac, or muriat of ammonia, ii. 35 —— polychrest, or sulphat of potash, ii. 91 —— volatile, or carbonat of ammonia, ii. 41 Salifiable bases, ii. 5 Salifying principles, ii. 5 Saltpetre, or nitre, or nitrat of potash, ii. 32. 104. 116 Salt, ii. 91 Sand, ii. 30. 51 Sandstone, ii. 51 Sap of plants, ii. 165. 260. 262. 270. 272 Sapphire, ii. 58 Saturation, i. 101. Sapphire, ii. 58 Saturation, i. 101 Seas, temperature of, i. 33. Sebacic acid, ii. 75. 182. 290. 353 Secretions, ii. 307 Seeds of plants, ii. 210. 271 Seltzer water, i. 289. ii. 63. 129 Senses, ii. 310 Silex, or silica, ii. 30. 51 Silicium, i. 13. Silk, ii. 359 Silver, i. 321 Simple bodies, i. 10. 12 Size, ii. 281 Skin, ii. 279. 310. 193 Slakeing of lime, i. 147. ii. 56 Slate, ii. 51. 66 Smelting metals, i. 316 Smoke i. 208 Soap, ii. 24 Soda, i. 363. ii. 33 —— water, i. 299 Sodium, i. 13. 363 Soils, i. 42. ii. 245 Soldering, i. 345 Solubility, ii. 92 Solution, i. 96 —— by the air, i. 102 —— of potash, ii. 28 Specific heat, i. 126 Spermaceti, ii. 358 Spirits, ii. 313 Steam, i. 140. 182 Steel, i. 305 Stomach, ii. 315 Stones, ii. 46 Stucco, ii. 65 Strontites, ii. 44. 68 Strontium, i. 13 Suberic acid, ii. 74. 197 Sublimation, i. 257 Succin, or yellow amber, ii. 241 Succinic acid, ii. 74. 197. 241 Sugar, ii. 165. 174. 208 —— of milk, ii. 355 371 Sulphats, ii. 5. 91 Super oxygenated sulphuric acid, ii. 70. Sulphat of alumine, or alum, ii. 54. 95 —— barytes, ii. 58 —— iron, ii. 96 —— lime, or gypsum, or plaster of Paris, ii. 95 —— magnesia, or Epsom salt, ii. 67. 95 —— potash, or sal polychrest, ii. 91 —— soda, or Glauber’s salts, ii. 92 Sulphur, i. 256 —— flowers of, i. 257 Sulphurated hydrogen gas, i. 165. 268 Sulphurets, i. 341 Sulphurous acid, i. 254. ii. 88 Sulphuric acid, i. 74. ii. 265 Sympathetic ink, i. 354 Synthesis, i. 287 T Index top Tan, ii. 192 Tannin, ii. 165. 192 Tar, ii. 187 Tartarous acid, ii. 74. 197 Tartrit of potash, ii. 222 Teeth, ii. 300 Tellurium, i. 14 Temperature, i. 33 Thaw, i. 158 Thermometers, i. 40 ——, Fahrenheit’s, i. 42 ——, Reaumur’s, i. 42 ——, Centigrade, i. 43 ——, air, i. 44 ——, differential, i. 46 Thunder, i. 248 Tin, i. 14. 344 Titanium, i. 14. 348 Turf, ii. 242 Turpentine, ii. 187 Transpiration of plants, ii. 260 Tungsten, i. 14. 340 V Index top Vapour, i. 36. 49. 93. 182 Vaporisation, i. 103 Varnishes, ii. 187 Vegetables, ii. 158 Vegetable acid, i. 310. ii. 74. 197 —— colours, ii. 190 —— heat, ii. 272 —— oils, ii. 177 Veins, ii. 304. 323. Venous blood, ii. 305. 326. 338 Ventricles, ii. 324 Verdigris, i. 352 Vessels, ii. 304 Vinegar, ii. 232 Vinous fermentation, ii. 212 Vital air, or oxygen gas, i. 182 Vitriol, or sulphat of iron, ii. 81 Volatile oils, i. 307. ii. 165. 183. 224. 269 —— products of combustion, i. 207 —— alkali, i. 363. ii. 20. 35 Voltaic battery, i. 164. 220. 356. ii. 15 U Index top Uranium, i. 14 W Index top Water, i. 215. ii. 262 372 ——, decomposition of, by electricity, i. 200. 225 ——, condensation of, i. 32 —— of the sea, i. 86 ——, boiling, i. 93 ——, solution by, i. 96 —— of crystallisation, i. 339 Wax, i. 309. ii. 180. 358 Whey, ii. 351 Wine, ii. 212 Wood, ii. 267 Woody fibre, ii. 156. 196. 267 Wool, ii. 300 Y Index top Yeast, ii. 234. Yttria, ii. 44. Yttrium, i. 13. Z Index top Zinc, ii. 14. 344 Zirconia, ii. 44 Zirconium, i. 14. Zoonic acid, ii. 75. 220

#### Transcriber’s Notes

##### Terminology

Many scientific terms used in this book are different from today’s standard terminology. The following is not meant as a comprehensive list.

oxy-muriatic acid | chlorine proposed as an element in 1815: see Conversation XIX
“columbium or tantalium” | niobium and tantalum the two elements always occur together, and were not recognized as separate until much later in the 19th century
phosphat of lime | calcium diphosphate or calcium the element calcium was isolated in 1808, but is named only once in this 1817 edition
glucium | beryllium Humphry Davy’s name for the element
muriatic acid | hydrochloric acid but still called “muriatic acid” for some commercial uses
muriat of lime | calcium chloride
oxymuriate of potash | potassium chlorate
muriat of soda | sodium chloride (table salt)
carbonic acid | carbon dioxide

Note also:

simple body, fundamental principle | element
fecula | starch (usually spelled “fæcula”)
spirit of wine | alcohol
philosopher | scientist
arts | industry, manufacture, crafts etc. (seldom “fine arts”)

Some essential concepts relating to living things—photosynthesis, microorganisms, the cell, proteins—are either unknown or not mentioned. The atom theory had been proposed, but not by Humphry Davy; it is not mentioned in this book.

The word “explode” is used at least once in its orginal, figurative sense (“a word that should be exploded in chemistry”) but far more often in its later, concrete one. The word “explosion” is always used concretely (“an explosion, or a detonation as chemists commonly call it”).

##### Calculated Values:

“the point of zero, or the absolute privation of heat, must consequently be 1260 degrees below 32 degrees”

-1228° F. The calculation is based on wrong premises; the correct figure is about -460° F or -273° C.

“Mercury congeals only at seventy-two degrees below the freezing point.”

-40° F, which is also -40° C. This figure is correct, though approximate.

“The proportion stated by Sir H. Davy, in his Chemical Researches, is as 1 to 2.389.”

[ammonia] “consisted of about one part of hydrogen to four parts of nitrogen.... and from the latest and most accurate experiments, the proportions appear to be, one volume of nitrogen gas to three of hydrogen gas”

These and similar calculations involving relative weight and volume make more sense when one knows the elements’ atomic weights. For nitric acid, HNO3, the figures are 1:14:48, giving a proportion closer to 1:3.5. For ammonia, NH3 (not 4), the figures are 14:3.

The first proportion was printed “2,389”. No other decimal numbers occur in the text, but a comma appears once as a thousands separator.

“The oxalic acid, distilled from sorrel, is the highest term of vegetable acidification; for, if more oxygen be added to it, it loses its vegetable nature, and is resolved into carbonic acid and water;”

Oxalic acid = H2C2O4; carbonic acid (carbon dioxide) = CO2. H2C2O4 + O becomes H2O + CO2 + CO2.

##### Chapter Numbering

The 3rd and 4th editions used the same Conversation (chapter) numbering. The apparent disappearance of XI and XII is the result of changes between the 4th and 5th (present text) editions:

Volume I: On Simple Bodies
4th edn. | 5th edn. |
I. II. III. | I. II. III. | No change
IV. | IV. | 4th: On Specific Heat, Latent Heat, and Chemical Heat. 5th: On Combined Caloric, Comprehending Specific Heat and Latent Heat.
| V. | On The Chemical Agencies Of Electricity. Chapter added in 5th edition
V. | VI. | On Oxygen And Nitrogen.
VI. | VII. | On Hydrogen. 5th: new sections on Gas lights and Miner’s Lamp
VII. | VIII. | On Sulphur And Phosphorus. 5th: new section on Decomposition of Sulphur
VIII. | IX. | 4th: On Carbone. 5th: On Carbon.
IX. | X. | On Metals.
X. |  | On Alkalies.
XI. |  | On Earths. Conversations X, XI were moved to Volume II as XIV, XV.
Volume II: On Compound Bodies
4th edn. | 5th edn. |
XII. | XIII. | On The Attraction Of Composition.
| XIV. | On Alkalies.
| XV. | On Earths. Conversations XIV, XV were previously X, XI in Volume I.
XIII. | XVI. | 4th: On Compound Bodies. 5th: On Acids. Most of XIII, On Compound Bodies, became XVI, On Acids. Some introductory material was moved to XIV, On Alkalies.
XIV. | XVII. | 4th: On The Combinations of Oxygen with Sulphur and with Phosphorus; and of the Sulphats And Phosphats. 5th: Of the Sulphuric and Phosphoric Acids: or, The Combinations of ....
XV. | XVIII. | 4th: On The Combination of Oxygen With Nitrogen and with Carbone; and of The Nitrats And Carbonats. 5th: Of The Nitric And Carbonic Acids: Or The Combination ...
XVI. | XIX. | 4th: On Muriatic And Oxygenated Muriatic Acids; and on Muriats. 5th: On The Boracic, Fluoric, Muriatic, and Oxygenated Muriatic Acids; and on Muriats.
XVII. | XX. | On The Nature And Composition Of Vegetables.
Remainder of book: number in 4th edn. + 3 = number in 5th edn.

##### Plates

Most Plates include the following text, engraved in smaller print:

Drawn by the Author / Engraved by Lowry / Published by Longman & Co. Octr. 2nd. 1809.

This date corresponds to the 3rd edition. Plates V, X and XIII—each containing material new to the 5th edition—read only “Lowry sculp.”

##### Inconsistencies and variant spellings

None of these lists are meant to be inclusive. They are typical of variations that were not marked as errors.

Standard spellings throughout the book:

bason, judgment, embrio, volcanos (plural), potatoe (singular)

Inconsistencies:

capitalization of “Fig.” or “fig.”

hyphenization of words such as “oxy-muriatic”

“glauber salt” and “Glauber’s salt” both occur

Variant forms:

opake, opaque

aëriform, aeriform

gasses, gases

phosphoret, phosphuret (but always carburet)

Libya, Lybia

dy(e)ing (from “dye”)

nap(h)tha

pla(i)ster

slak(e)ing

earthen-ware, earthen ware

“sulphurous”, “naphtha” are used in the Contents and the Index; “sulphureous”, “naptha” in the body text

forms in “-xion” (such as “connexion”) appear only in the Contents and the Index

Volume I has more archaic forms than Volume II:

“shew”, “inclose” are sometimes used instead of “show”, “enclose”

“carbone” with final “e” appears in one Plate caption. (In the same plate’s header, the “e” appears to have been removed by the engraver.)

“develope(ment)” is more common in Volume I, “develop(ment)” in Volume II

“-ize” and “-yze” forms (for later “-ise” and “-yse”) are common in Volume I, rare in Volume II except in the Index

The “Dr. Marcet” mentioned in a few footnotes and figure captions is the author’s husband. Humphry Davy (“Sir H. Davy”) was knighted in 1812, between the 3rd and 4th editions of the book.

##### Reminder

DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME.

    End of Project Gutenberg's Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2, by Jane Marcet

    *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY, V. 1-2 ***

    ***** This file should be named 26908-h.htm or 26908-h.zip *****
    This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
            http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/9/0/26908/

    Produced by Louise Hope

    Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
    will be renamed.

    Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
    one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
    (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
    permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
    set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
    copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
    protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
    Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
    charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
    do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
    rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
    such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
    research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
    practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
    subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
    redistribution.

    *** START: FULL LICENSE ***

    THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
    PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

    To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
    distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
    (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
    Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
    Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
    http://gutenberg.org/license).

    Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
    electronic works

    1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
    electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
    and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
    (trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
    the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
    all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
    If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
    Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
    terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
    entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

    1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
    used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
    agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
    things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
    even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
    paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
    Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
    and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
    works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

    1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
    or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
    Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
    collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
    individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
    located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
    copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
    works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
    are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
    Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
    freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
    this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
    the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
    keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
    Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

    1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
    what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
    a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
    the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
    before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
    creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
    Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
    the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
    States.

    1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

    1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
    access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
    whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
    phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
    Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
    copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
    almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
    re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
    with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

    1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
    from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
    posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
    and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
    or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
    with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
    work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
    through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
    Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
    1.E.9.

    1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
    with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
    must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
    terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
    to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
    permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

    1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
    License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
    work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

    1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
    electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
    prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
    active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
    Gutenberg-tm License.

    1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
    compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
    word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
    distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
    "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
    posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
    you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
    copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
    request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
    form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
    License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

    1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
    performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
    unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

    1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
    access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
    that

    - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
         the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
         you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
         owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
         has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
         Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
         must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
         prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
         returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
         sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
         address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
         the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

    - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
         you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
         does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
         License.  You must require such a user to return or
         destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
         and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
         Project Gutenberg-tm works.

    - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
         money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
         electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
         of receipt of the work.

    - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
         distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

    1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
    electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
    forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
    both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
    Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
    Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

    1.F.

    1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
    effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
    public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
    collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
    works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
    "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
    corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
    property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
    computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
    your equipment.

    1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
    of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
    Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
    Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
    Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
    liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
    fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
    LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
    PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
    TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
    LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
    INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
    DAMAGE.

    1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
    defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
    receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
    written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
    received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
    your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
    the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
    refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
    providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
    receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
    is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
    opportunities to fix the problem.

    1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
    in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
    WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
    WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

    1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
    warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
    If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
    law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
    interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
    the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
    provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

    1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
    trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
    providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
    with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
    promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
    harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
    that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
    or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
    work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
    Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

    Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

    Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
    electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
    including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
    because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
    people in all walks of life.

    Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
    assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
    goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
    remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
    Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
    and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
    To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
    and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
    and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.

    Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
    Foundation

    The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
    501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
    state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
    Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
    number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
    http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
    Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
    permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

    The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
    Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
    throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
    809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
    business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
    information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
    page at http://pglaf.org

    For additional contact information:
         Dr. Gregory B. Newby
         Chief Executive and Director
         gbnewby@pglaf.org

    Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
    Literary Archive Foundation

    Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
    spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
    increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
    freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
    array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
    ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
    status with the IRS.

    The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
    charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
    States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
    considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
    with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
    where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
    SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
    particular state visit http://pglaf.org

    While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
    have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
    against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
    approach us with offers to donate.

    International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
    any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
    outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

    Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
    methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
    ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
    To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate

    Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
    works.

    Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
    concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
    with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
    Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

    Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
    editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
    unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
    keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

    Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

         http://www.gutenberg.org

    This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
    including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
    Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
    subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.