# The Project Gutenberg eBook, Animal Stories from Eskimo Land, by Renée Coudert Riggs, Illustrated by George W. Hood

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Title: Animal Stories from Eskimo Land

Adapted from the Original Eskimo Stories Collected by Dr. Daniel S. Neuman

Author: Renée Coudert Riggs

Release Date: April 20, 2020 [eBook #61875]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANIMAL STORIES FROM ESKIMO LAND***

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# ANIMAL STORIES FROM ESKIMO LAND

Who are you? said the boy.

ANIMAL STORIES
FROM ESKIMO LAND
ADAPTED FROM THE ORIGINAL
ESKIMO STORIES COLLECTED BY
DR. DANIEL S. NEUMAN
BY
RENÉE COUDERT RIGGS
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND DECORATIONS BY
GEORGE W. HOOD
NEW YORK
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
MCMXXIII
Copyright, 1923, by
Frederick A. Stokes Company
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
WITH
AFFECTIONATE GREETING
I DEDICATE
THIS SMALL VOLUME
TO
MY LITTLE FRIENDS
THE CHILDREN OF ALASKA

## FOREWORD

The Eskimos are a kindly, industrious, smiling people. To our way of thinking their lives are uncivilized and cheerless. And yet, in their own primitive way, they find much happiness in life. They live from one moment only to the next. When food is plentiful, they gorge. When seals and game are scarce, they patiently do without.

Eskimo children never cry. They are never punished by their parents, for the spirits which inhabit their little bodies might take offense and depart. They play happy games as do children the world over, with balls sewed together from reindeer or seal hides and with toys carved from ivory, bone or wood.

The people are courteous and considerate. I have sat in their kasgas when the oomaliks (head men) were in council with my husband, who at that time was Governor of Alaska. The dignity and order of their debates would honor any legislative assembly. There is no interruption to a speaker until the final I have spoken.

The council finished, comes the customary dance in the kasga. The dance is always symbolic—the coming of spring, the flight of the ducks, the spearing of the whale, the wolf dance, or the killing of the bear. The men dance with grotesque gesture until exhausted, while the women with quiet feet, sway gently in unison in the dim light from the opening overhead. On the platform at the end of the kasga the musicians beat industriously on their drums.

The stories in this little book are adapted from some of the great number gathered through many years by Dr. Daniel S. Neuman, of Nome. It was Dr. Neuman who painstakingly made the splendid and unequaled collection of Eskimo antiquities and modern implements now on exhibit in the territorial museum at Juneau. The acquiring of this collection for the Territory was one of my husband’s last official acts as governor.

I have endeavored to rewrite these tales for boys and girls in the hope that they may take an interest in that quaint people, living still in the stone age, who, on account of their contact with the so-called civilized races, are gradually vanishing into the past.

Renée Coudert Riggs.
CONTENTS
Foreword
The Journey to Eskimo Land
Ivango or the Lost Sister
The Robin, the Crow and the Fox
The Proud Mouse
The Crow and the Daylight
The Orphan Boy
A Race Between a Reindeer and a Tom-Cod
Why They Have Summer on St. Lawrence Island
The Lost Son
The Crow and the Owl
The Running Stick
The Treacherous Crow and His Cousin, the Mink
Good and Bad Weather
How the White Whales Happened
A Giant and His Drum
Lovek and Seranak
The Caribou
A Fox Story
Mi-e-rak-puk
ILLUSTRATIONS
Who are you? said the boy
Looking up into the tree, saw Kaytak standing by his nest
At last he saw that it was shining from a big snow house
Stopped to say good-morning to the fish
Poured the black oil all over the crow
The bear came round by the same track and saw the salmon
Lovek, I have you at my mercy now
Snap, Mr. Smart Fox was caught at last

## THE JOURNEY TO ESKIMO LAND

The big easy-chair was drawn up before the fire, its hospitable arms extended, to embrace a father with a little boy on one knee and a little girl on the other. It was story-telling time.

Well, said Father, where shall we travel tonight?

The glowing embers showed two eager little faces. Take us to Eskimo Land! they said. So the father settled deeper down in the cosy chair and stretched out his long legs.

Very well, to Eskimo Land we shall go. I will take you inside a kasga and let the Eskimos tell you their own stories; but before we go there I must explain to you that in every Eskimo village there is one house called a kasga. Now this kasga is the place where they all go to pass the long, dark hours of winter, with song and story. Sometimes they dance to the weird music of beating drums and chanting voices, and again, they sit quietly mending their weapons, their fishnets or spears; or again, some of them will be carving beautiful pieces of ivory taken from a walrus tusk.

The house called kasga in which they meet is built by all the people of the village. Every one lends a hand; even the little children do their share of the work. There are logs of driftwood to be hauled: there is turf or moss from the tundra to be put over the round roof, and digging to be done with the big bone shovels. So they all help to build the place in which they spend so much of their time. The men gather there when they get home from hunting. They cannot be out long in winter. It is dark most of the day as well as the night, and the storms are so bad they do not dare to go very far away. The women bring their sewing too, which they do with thread made from dried sinews from the leg of the caribou or from the white whale which the old women patiently pull apart into long threads.

Now, said Father, shut your eyes tight and we will put on our invisible caps and go to Eskimo Land, right inside a kasga to see what is happening there this cold winter night.

So the little boy and girl shut their eyes and clung tightly to Father’s hand while he counted very slowly, One, two, three!

Stoop over, said Father, and creep on your hands and knees, for to get into the kasga we have to go through a long, low, tunnel-like entrance, until we come to a hole right over our heads. Here we are! I will give you a push. Jump up now! And they popped right through a hole into the middle of the floor of a big room. Isn’t that a funny way to get into a house? They were in the kasga at last.

There are no windows to this house, but a round hole in the middle of the ceiling, or roof, serves both as window and ventilator. This, in winter, is usually covered with a curtain of bear or seal intestine, which keeps out the cold. Also it keeps out the fresh air. Sometimes, when the room is very full of people, the warmth from their bodies and the steam from many breaths form a moisture that drops down upon them like rain.

The room is square, and about it runs a wide platform. This platform is about four feet from the ground. All the men sit on it, while the women sit on the floor at their feet, with the little children gathered about them. There are lots of little children in Eskimo Land. They are good little ones, too. Their parents love them dearly, but they have to learn early in life to be good and patient, for sometimes they get little or nothing to eat for days at a time, when game is scarce and their fathers come back from hunting without any meat for them. So these little ones do not fuss and cry, for they know that they cannot always have what they want when they want it.

There are no electric lights in Eskimo Land, nor do they have big open fireplaces in the houses, with bright, crackling logs to keep them warm, for wood is hard to get.

About the floor of the kasga are placed lamps of heavy stone, hollowed out like dishes, in which wicks of moss soaked in seal oil are burned. The lamps give a yellow, flickering light and a little heat. The women take care of the lamps, keep them clean and see that they do not smoke or go out.

On the middle of the platform, at the end of the room, sits the Ommalik of the village. Eskimos do not have real chiefs like Indians, but in every village there is a rich man; that is a man who has more than the others of what the Eskimos use and need the most. The Ommalik is like a chief for the time being, a sort of boss, so we will call him chief for convenience sake.

In the kasga we are in now there are two shelves high up, one at each end, where the unmarried men, the bachelors, sit; and quite a scramble they have, too, in getting up so high.

On the floor at the feet of their husbands sit the married women with their babies in their parka hoods and their children playing near them, but the little ones keep very quiet and never dare to make a noise when the grown-ups are talking—which would be a good example for lots of little white children I know.

Huddled up in a corner sat a very dark little man, with long black hair that hung down into his eyes. He was as close as he could get to one of the lamps, and in his hand he held a piece of creamy ivory, upon which he was carving the story of a walrus hunt, in pictures. Near him sat a man busily mending a spear. Ommalik looked around the room. Soon his eyes rested upon Ungukuk, the little man carving the picture story. Ungukuk, said Ommalik, will tell us a story.

The little dark man stopped his work, but did not move or look up. No one seemed to have heard the chief speak. Some of the little children still slept on with their heads against their mothers’ knees.

Again Ommalik looked about him and said, Ungukuk will tell us a story.

Again there was silence, and the boy in the far corner went on mending his fish net. At last, after five or six minutes had passed, Ungukuk raised his head and peered into the dark faces about him. In a monotonous, sing-song voice, he began the following story:

## IVANGO OR THE LOST SISTER

Long ago, in a village in the Far North, there lived a young man named Ivango. He was the oldest of the family and had four brothers and a little sister, eleven or twelve years old.

One clear spring evening, the little girl was playing out on the sand pit with some other children. They were playing house, and on the beach near them was the huge skull of a whale.

When they had finished making a toy house out of pieces of driftwood, Ivango’s sister climbed to the top of the whale skull to rest.

No sooner had she sat down, than suddenly the skull began to roll quickly toward the sea. It moved so fast and the child was so frightened that she just held on tight and screamed.

All the little ones ran after her, adding their cries to hers, until the skull plunged into the waves, turned into a whale and, with the little girl still clinging to his back, swam away out of sight on the gray ocean.

The children ran out into the water as far as they could, calling to their little playmate, but soon she was gone from sight. A sad troop of weeping children ran to Ivango’s igloo, to tell him what had happened.

Ivango and his brothers were in despair, for they loved their sister very dearly, as indeed did every one in the village.

That very night in the kasga they held a council as how best to find the little girl and bring her home again.

Ivango called all the shamans or witch-doctors to his house and bade them sing, hoping that they would sing something about his lost sister, and where she had been taken; but each one told him a different tale, so that he soon saw that they knew nothing at all about it. So he sent them all away again.

Now there was one woman among his neighbors, who was very wise, although not a sorceress. This woman could sing about many things that no one else knew, so Ivango sent for her and told her to sing.

After a while she began. She told Ivango and his brothers that the whale had taken their sister to a far off country. This country, she said, was guarded by two great cliffs of solid rock, which could open wide apart and then come together again with a crash like thunder, crushing to death any living creature daring to venture between.

Ivango asked her what they must do to rescue their sister. She answered, You must make a skin boat so swift that it will go faster than the swiftest bird can fly. When the boat is finished, kill a young seal and take it with you. When all is ready, I will go with you to tell you what to do.

They thanked the woman very much and went to work to make the boat as soon as it was daylight. They worked as quickly as they could, for they were very anxious to rescue their sister. When they had finished, they took the boat down to the shore, and waited for a bird to come along. Presently they saw a beautiful gray gull with a white breast, sailing gracefully through the sky. They got into the boat and paddled along as fast as they could, but the gull was soon far ahead of them and they could not catch up with it at all. This was a dreadful disappointment, for it meant a long delay. They came back to land very much discouraged, but Ivango said, We must not lose heart so easily. Let us go to work at once and take more care this time that we are doing our very best. It does not pay to be in too much of a hurry.

So they started making another boat, and this time they worked very carefully, for they must not fail a second time. They made the frame out of the lightest driftwood and covered it with white whale skin. First they wet the skin to make it soft, then stretched it over the frame and tied it in place with rawhide. When the skin dried it became tight over the frame and was quite water-proof. Ivango, who was a very strong man, made a paddle for himself from the shoulder-bone of a whale. When they had finished the second boat, it looked fine and they all felt happy again; but it had taken many precious days to make.

When all was ready they got into the boat and raced with the first gull that came along. This time they beat it easily, so they came back to shore to get their provisions and to kill a baby seal to take with them.

The woman, who was waiting to go along too, told them that they must watch for a flock of eider ducks and follow them closely. Pretty soon a flock of eider ducks flew over. The brothers and the woman got quickly into the boat and paddled off as fast as they could. When the birds sank to rest, the men would stop paddling and rest, also, or eat. When the ducks flew, the boat traveled along as swiftly as though it too had wings. When the ducks slept, the men stopped paddling and also slept, while the woman kept watch. When the birds rose again to fly, the woman would awaken the men and take her turn at sleeping.

They traveled this way for many days and nights, until at last they could hear a faint, rumbling noise like distant thunder. The sound lent renewed strength to Ivango’s mighty paddle. So powerfully did he wield it that they went faster than the ducks, who were leading them straight to their sister.

Nearer and nearer they came to the strange sound, and louder and louder it grew, until it seemed as though mountains of rock were being hurled together by the hands of some mighty giant.

Soon they could see two great cliffs drawing swiftly together through the ocean. They met with a mighty crash that seemed to shake the sea and sky. Ivango had trouble in keeping the boat upright, so high were the waves made by the rocks when they came together.

As the boat came nearer, the cliffs slowly drew apart, and some sea parrots and seals tried to pass through the opening, but the rocks rushed together and the birds and seals were caught and crushed to death.

Ivango felt his heart fail within him. Could they ever pass through alive, or must they all be crushed like the animals and birds? It did not seem possible that they could ever reach the other side of the cliffs. Oh! if they only might fly over in the sky like the ducks were doing! Then they would be safe.

Ivango, however, had not time to think about it. He must act quickly, or the ducks soon would be out of sight and then they would have no one to show them the way to their sister. So when the cliffs parted again, Ivango wielded his mighty paddle and the little boat shot into the foaming pass. It seemed as though they must be drawn down into the whirling waters and be drowned, but Ivango gathered his strength into one mighty effort just as the towering walls started to come together, and when they met with a deafening roar, Ivango and his little boat were safe in the quiet waters beyond.

At last they had reached their journey’s end and passed safely through the great danger. How happy and thankful they were to leave the menacing rocks behind!

They landed near a sandy cliff and walked carefully behind one another so as to make only one track in the sand with their mukluks. Their mukluks are their seal boots. Then they dug a hole in the ground, put the boat in it and hid.

The next day while Ivango was peeping out of the hole, he saw a man walking toward the cliff from the opposite direction from which they had come. When he reached the footprints on the sand, which looked as though only one person had walked up from the beach, he stopped and examined them carefully for a long time, then, jumping over, so as not to step on them, he went his way. After a while the man came back. This time he did not stop, but jumped over the footprints and went on. On his back he was carrying a lot of birds.

Now one of Ivango’s brothers was very brave and wanted to jump out to kill that man and take the birds, but Ivango would not let him.

Soon another man came along, and seeing the track, stopped to examine it, then jumped over, just as the first man had done. When he came back with all the birds he could carry, the brave brother could wait no longer. They were all hungry and tired and wanted the birds for food, so he sprang out and captured the man and hid him back of the hole, then they all had those fine birds to eat.

In the morning, being rested and refreshed, Ivango and his brothers got into their boat and paddled in the direction from which the men had come walking along the beach.

Soon they saw a village in the center of which stood a large igloo.

Ivango and the brothers felt sure their sister must be there, so Ivango went to the door of the igloo and entered. Sitting on a big white bear skin on the floor was his sister, looking very sad and lonely.

When she saw Ivango she sprang up joyously, but quickly put her finger to her lips, which meant, Be quiet! and whispered to Ivango, O Brother, you should not have come for me. The whale man is waiting to kill you!

She looked terribly frightened, but Ivango comforted her, saying, That’s all right, Sister. We came for you and will die if we have to.

Before long, they heard the whale man coming in. He pretended to be a kind man and very polite, but Ivango knew better than to believe him. The whale man could not fool Ivango.

After a little while, the whale man told Ivango to fetch his brothers to eat supper with them, and the brothers came. The whale man gave them a good supper with plenty to eat, but they watched carefully, for they knew that he was just waiting for a chance to do them some harm.

When night came the whale man suggested that they play all sorts of games. Ivango beat him every time, and he did not seem to like that at all.

The next morning he took them out to see a big ditch that had been dug during the night. All the men of the village were bringing logs of wood and pokes (skin bags) of oil to the ditch.

The whale man called Ivango and told him to look down into the ditch, and while he was looking gave him a shove. Ivango, taken by surprise, lost his balance and fell in.

Down went Ivango into the deep dark hole. When he reached the bottom he stood still and felt the sides of the ditch all about him, until suddenly his hands came upon a great stone embedded in the earth on one side of the hole. Digging quickly into the earth with his fingers, he dragged out the huge stone and found a deep hole in the earth back of it. Into this hole he crept, pulling the stone into place after him. Outside, the whale man built a big fire with logs and oil and shoved it into the pit, thinking that Ivango would be burned up; but Ivango was safe behind the rock, and the fire never even singed his mukluks. When the flames had died down and there was nothing left but ashes, he crept out from his hiding-place and called for some one to let down a rope for him to climb up by. Soon he saw the rope coming down. It was made of walrus hide such as is used for lashing boats. Ivango took hold of the end of the rope and his brothers pulled him out.

The whale man stood there looking much surprised to see him come out unharmed, and Ivango, springing upon him, hurled him into the pit. Then turning to the people, Ivango said, If this man is unkind to you, bring some more wood and oil and we will burn him up. If he is good to you, let down the rope again and pull him out after we have gone away.

No, no! they shouted loudly. We do not want to pull him out. He is not good to us at all, but very wicked and cruel. Let us burn him up! and they all ran to bring more wood and oil, much more than before and made a great fire themselves and threw it into the pit before Ivango could stop them.

Ivango and the brothers and their little sister hurried down to the sea, where the woman was waiting for them with the boat, and started off for home as fast as they could paddle.

This time they passed through the moving cliffs without fear or trouble, but no sooner had the cliffs closed together behind them, than a big white whale rose to the top of the water and pursued them.

Although they could make the boat go as fast as the swiftest bird, the whale was faster than they and was getting very close. Just as the monster rose beside them, the woman cut off the right flipper from the seal they had brought with them and threw it to the whale, which stopped to eat. This gave them time to get quite far ahead; but after the whale had finished eating he soon caught up with them. Then the woman threw out the left flipper. Again the whale stopped to eat, and again caught up with them, but they were nearly home, so they threw over the rest of the seal and paddled to shore. When they landed the whale hurried after them so fast that he swam right up on the beach, where they killed him and cut him up for meat.

The people of the village crowded about to welcome Ivango and his brothers and the little lost sister, and they all had a fine feast of the meat of the whale.

They lived happily after that and Ivango made many presents to the good woman who had helped them to find their sister, so that she was never allowed to want for anything all her life long.

When Nugukuk had come to the end of the story, he raised his eyes to the face of the chief. And so is the winter shortened, said Nugukuk solemnly. For that is the way they bring their story-telling to an end.

After that the father and the little boy and girl came very often to the kasga and heard different men of the village tell their wonderful tales, until they had heard all of the following stories. Perhaps next winter they will go back to hear some more.

## THE ROBIN, THE CROW AND THE FOX

A robin had its nest in a tree, and there were six pretty blue eggs in the nest.

After a while the eggs broke open and out came six baby robins.

The father robin, whose name was Kaytak, thought them the most beautiful birds in the world, and brought them fine worms and little bugs, and watched over them very carefully.

One day a red fox came by, and looking up into the tree, saw Kaytak standing by his nest.

Hey, Robin, called the fox, I see you up there.

What do you want? said the robin.

Give me one of your little birds for breakfast, said the fox.

No, indeed, said the robin. I will not give you one of my babies.

Well, said Red Fox, you say no. If you don’t drop down one to me this minute, I will take them all.

You cannot get them, said the robin.

Looking up into the tree, saw Kaytak standing by his nest

Indeed I can, said Red Fox. I have an ax, and with my ax I will cut that tree down and then eat up all your little robins.

When the robin heard that he was terribly frightened. Then, rather than lose all his babies, he took one of them in his beak and dropped it down to the fox, who grabbed the little bird and ran away. After that Red Fox came back twice and did as before, the poor father robin being afraid to refuse to do what was asked. Trembling with fright and very sad, the poor bird looked about for some one to help him. The only living thing in sight was a crow flying by, and he called to him for help. The crow flew down into the tree and said, What is it you want?

Then the robin told him all about the wicked red fox, and how there were only three baby robins left, and that he feared the fox would get them all.

The crow laughed. Haw, haw! Red Fox thinks he is smart, but he is really foolish. He fooled you, though. He really has no ax, and he could not cut down this tree. When he comes again, you say to him, I will give you no more of my baby birds. You have no ax. If he says, Who told you that? you say, Crow told me, and the crow flew away.

The next day Red Fox came back to the tree and demanded a little bird for his breakfast.

No, no, Mr. Red Fox, said the robin. No little bird any more for you out of my nest.

You had better give me one quick, said the fox, or I will chop the tree right down and eat them all. But the robin felt very safe and saucy now, so he sang a little song and said, No, you won’t chop down this tree, because you haven’t any ax, and you are not as smart as you think you are, only foolish.

Who told you all that stuff? asked the fox angrily. The robin sang another teasing song, then said, Crow told me all that—about the ax and the foolish and everything. So you had better get away, for you get no more of my babies.

Then the red fox was very angry indeed and went off swearing he would get even with the crow for depriving him of the tender baby robins for breakfast and calling him foolish. He vowed he would find that crow and kill him.

Pretty soon the summer had passed, and winter with its short dark days had come.

One cold, stormy morning Red Fox was walking about, wondering how he could catch that crow. After thinking about it for a long time, he said, I know what I will do! So he lay down in the snow and played dead, for he knew that crows like to pick at dead animals.

After a while the crow came flying about, looking for food. He spied the red fox lying there, and slowly flew down nearby. At first he was afraid the fox was not really dead, but the fox lay very still. Then the crow touched the fox a little with his beak. The fox did not move, and the crow grew bolder.

He is really dead, said the crow, and I will go around and have a look at his eyes.

He walked around the fox and started to peck his eyes, but when he came near the head, Red Fox opened his big mouth and snapped, and snapped the crow in it, tight as a trap.

Crow thought he would die of fright before the fox got a chance to eat him, he was so scared, but Red Fox started up the mountain with Crow in his mouth.

Then Crow gathered his wits together in spite of his terror, and tried to think of some way he could get out of Red Fox’s mouth. If I can only make him open his mouth to talk, thought Crow, then I can get out. So he said, O Fox, I know you are going to eat me, but I pray you tell me one thing before I die. Which way is the wind blowing?

West wind, said the fox, and opened his mouth very wide to say West.

Out flew Mr. Crow as fast as he could, much to the surprise of Red Fox.

As he flew away the crow lingered a little over the head of Red Fox. Haw, haw, Mr. Fox, laughed he, haw, haw! I saved myself from your mouth. You cannot fool me. No animal can fool me. Then he flew off flapping his wings and laughing Haw, haw! Red Fox slunk away with his tail dragging on the ground. He was very much ashamed of how the crow had fooled him twice, and he did not like to be beaten, for he and Crow are considered the two smartest animals at trickery and deceit; but no one can beat the crow.

## THE PROUD MOUSE

There was once a mouse who thought a great deal of himself and was always longing for a chance to do something which would show how great he was.

One night while he was asleep in a corner of the kasga, under the shelf, he was startled by a strange noise and woke up with a jump. He looked about him, but could see nothing; then he crept very quietly toward the door, and there he saw a great fire burning.

Now I am going to be burned up, said the mouse. What shall I do to save myself?

The fire was growing bigger and brighter every minute, and in despair he gave up all hope of getting out of the door, for he could never pass through those terrible flames. He sat down and began to think and think what he had better do.

Well, he thought, I will burn up if I stay in here, so I might as well try to get out. If the fire burns me while I am getting out, I can’t help it.

Then he made a dash through the flames to the door.

He was soon out, but he was much surprised that he did not feel burned at all. He looked himself over very carefully but his fur was not even singed.

Now I know that I am very great indeed, because fire does not burn me, said the mouse, and he walked about proudly whisking his little tail and thinking how great he was; then he looked back at the kasga, and saw that there was really no fire at all. What he had taken for fire was just the sunshine at the door. The proud mouse felt very much ashamed and said, What a poor fool I am! What can I do now to show that I am really great?

He looked about for a long time. At last he said, I know what I shall do. I shall jump over that high bank.

So he started to walk to the bank, and when he got there, he looked up, and it seemed very high indeed.

If I jump over this bank, said he, I shall be great.

He ran, and then sprang as high as he could into the air, and came down on top of the bank.

Surely I am great now, since I can jump so high. When he looked back he saw that the bank was not high at all, only a little heap of sand.

Shame on me! groaned the mouse. Now I must do something this time. I shall swim across that great lake.

He started for the lake and at last, after walking a long time, he got there.

That lake is very big, he thought, for he could see only part way across.

Then the little mouse began to feel proud once more.

If I swim across that lake, all the animals will call me great.

He swam, and he swam, and it took him all day to swim over. Before he reached the other side, he was so tired he could only swim very slowly. Looking back, he saw all kinds of fishes on his tail. He shook them off, and at last he reached land.

Now, thought he, I am really great, for I swam across that lake; and he lay down for a good rest. When he got up he looked proudly back to see the wonderful lake, and there was no lake at all. What he had thought was a big lake was only a man’s footprint full of muddy water, that he had taken all day to cross, and the fishes he had seen on his tail were the little bugs swimming about in the mud-puddle.

Now, I am surely ashamed of myself! he cried. But he would not give up trying to be great, though he was beginning to see that he was really not as great as he supposed.

Far on the horizon, he saw something tall and slender.

I must go cut down that pole that reaches from earth to sky, said he, and off he started for the pole. When he reached it he walked all around the pole, looking up, but he could not see the top.

That high pole holds up the sky, thought he, and if I cut it, the sky will fall down upon the earth, and everybody will be killed. I will cut that pole because I am ashamed of myself.

First he dug a hole in the ground, to get into when the pole was cut. When the hole was finished he said, I will do like this when the sky falls down, and he ran as fast as he could into the hole. He came out then and started to cut the pole with his sharp little teeth.

He worked very hard, until at last the pole was cut, when he ran into the hole as fast as he could scamper, to listen for the falling of the pole.

Said the mouse to himself, Now the sky has come down and killed every living thing.

Pretty soon he began to wonder how it would look with the sky fallen down, and he peeped out of his hole; but everything seemed to be the same as before. He looked up where the sky used to be, and there it still was, all blue and shining. Then he looked down at the pole on the ground, and saw that it was only a tall blade of grass.

Shame on me, shame on me! Now I am truly ashamed of myself. Because I am so ashamed of myself, I will pack that great mountain across the tundra. So he journeyed to the mountain, and at last he got there.

First he dug all around with his little claws, then he lifted one grain of sand and packed it over the tundra. Back and forth he went for many weary days, carrying a grain of sand at a time, until he had carried the whole mountain across.

Now, said the little mouse, no longer proud, I know that no one can be great unless he is willing to work hard and patiently.

So that is the way the mountain got there, far out over the tundra, and the little mouse was rewarded at last for his perseverance.

## THE CROW AND THE DAYLIGHT

Long, long ago, when the world was new, there was no daylight in Alaska. It was dark all the time, and the people in Alaska were living in the dark, just doing the best they could. They used to quarrel about whether it was day or night. Half of the people slept while the other half worked; in fact, no one really knew when it was time to go to bed, or if in bed when to get up, because it was dark all of the time.

In one village lived a crow. The people liked this crow because they thought him very wise; in fact he told them so himself; so they let him live in their kasga.

The crow used to talk a lot too, and tell of all the wonderful things he had seen and done, when he had spread his wings and flown away on his long journeys to distant lands.

The people of Alaska had no light but the flame of their seal-oil lamps.

One evening the crow seemed very sad and did not speak at all. The people wondered what was the matter, and felt sad too because they missed their lively crow, so they asked him: Crow, what makes you so sad?

I am sorry for the people of Alaska, said the crow, because they have no daylight.

What is daylight? said they. What is it like? We have never heard of daylight.

Well, said the crow, if you had daylight in Alaska you could go everywhere and see everything, even animals from far away.

This seemed very wonderful to them all, and they asked the crow if he would try to get them that daylight.

At first the crow refused all their entreaties. I know where it is, said he, but it would be too hard for me to get it here.

Then they all crowded around and begged him to go to the place where daylight was and bring them some.

Still the crow refused, and said he could not possibly get that light; but they coaxed him nicely, and the chief said, O Crow, you are so clever and so brave, we know you can do that.

At last the crow said, Very well, I will go.

The next day he started on his journey. Of course it was dark, but it was not stormy, and when he had said goodby to all the people he spread his wings and flew away toward the East, for the sun comes from the East.

He flew on and on in the dark, until his wings ached and he was very tired, but he never stopped.

After many days he began to see a little bit, dimly at first, then more and more, until the sky was flooded with light.

Perching on the branch of a tree to rest, he looked about him to see if he could find where the light came from. At last he saw that it was shining from a big snow house in a village nearby.

Now in that snow house lived the chief of the village, and that chief had a daughter who was very beautiful. This daughter came out of the house every day to fetch water from the ice hole in the river; which is the only way the Eskimos can get fresh water in winter. After she had come out, the crow slipped off his skin and hid it in the entrance of the house; then he covered himself with dust, and said some magic words, which sounded something like this:

Ya-ka-ty, ta-ka-ty, na-ka-ty-O.
Make me little that I won’t show.
Only a tiny speck of dust,
No one will notice me, I trust.

Then he hid on a sunbeam in a crack near the door, and waited for the chief’s daughter.

When she had filled her seal-skin water-bag, she came back from the river, and the crow, who looked like nothing but a speck of dust floating on the sunbeam, lighted on her dress and passed with her through the door into the house where the daylight came from.

At last he saw that it was shining from a big snow house

Inside, the place was very bright and sunny, and there was a dear little dark-eyed baby playing on the floor, on the skin of a polar bear which had recently been killed.

That baby had a lot of little toys, carved out of walrus ivory. There were tiny dogs and foxes, and little walrus heads, and kayaks (Eskimo canoes). He kept putting the toys into an ivory box with a cover, then spilling them out again.

The chief was watching the baby very proudly, but the little one did not seem satisfied with his toys.

When the chief’s daughter came in she stooped to pick the baby from the floor, and a little speck of dust drifted from her dress to the baby’s ear. The dust was the crow, of course.

The baby began to cry and fuss, and the chief said, What you want? and the crow whispered into his ear, Ask for the daylight to play with.

The baby asked for the daylight, and the chief told his daughter to give the baby a small, round daylight to play with.

The woman unwound the rawhide string from his hunting bag and took out a small wooden chest covered with pictures, which told the story of the brave things the chief had done. From the chest she took a shining ball, and gave it to the child.

The baby liked the shining ball, and played with it a long time; but the crow wanted to get that daylight, so he whispered in the little one’s ear to ask for a string to tie to his ball. They gave him a string, and tied the daylight to it for him; then the chief and his daughter went out, leaving the door open behind them, much to the delight of Crow, who was waiting for just that chance.

When the little boy got near to the door in his play, the crow whispered again in his ear, and told him to creep out into the entrance with his daylight.

The baby did as the crow told him, and as he passed the spot where the crow’s skin was hidden, the speck of dust slipped out of the child’s ear, back into the crow’s skin and the crow was himself again. Seizing the end of the string in his beak, away flew Mr. Crow, leaving the howling baby on the ground.

The child’s cries brought the chief and his daughter and all the people of the village rushing to the spot; and they saw the crow flying away with their precious daylight.

In vain they tried to reach him with their arrows, but he was too quickly out of sight.

When the crow came near the land of Alaska he thought he would try the daylight to see how it worked, so when he passed over the first dark village, he scratched a little bit of the brightness off, and it fell on the village and lighted it up beautifully. Then every village he came to he did the same thing, until at last he reached his home village, where he had started from. Hovering over it, he shattered the daylight into little bits, and scattered them far and wide.

The people greeted him with shouts of delight. They were so happy they danced and sang, and prepared a great feast in his honor. They were so grateful to him they couldn’t thank him enough for bringing that daylight.

The crow told them that if he had taken the big daylight, it would never be dark in Alaska, even in winter, but he said that the big daylight would have been too heavy for him to carry.

The people have always been thankful to the crow since then, and never try to kill him.

## THE ORPHAN BOY

Long ago, in a big village on Shismarief Inlet, lived a chief who had one child, a daughter.

The chief’s brother died and left a little boy, without any one to take care of him, so the chief took the boy to live with him.

The boy and girl were cousins, and they had very happy times playing together.

One day they had been out making snowballs, and stopped to shake the snow off their parkas before coming into the house. The Eskimo parka is a sort of middy blouse with a hood attached to it. In winter these parkas are usually made of reindeer skin, with a big ruff of fur around the edge of the hood to protect the face. The best fur to trim the hood is that of the wolverine, for it does not collect moisture from the breath.

The children stamped their feet and brushed the snow from each other with small flat ivory sticks shaped for that purpose. In doing this the boy broke the beautiful string of beads which the girl wore around her neck.

Now these were very precious beads; and the boy was afraid of his uncle, and did not like to tell what he had done, but he bravely took his little cousin by the hand and went into the house trembling with fear. Walking up to the chief he said, Uncle, I am sorry but I broke the precious beads.

His uncle was furious. How did you do it? he asked, and the boy told him.

Now, said the uncle, I am going to kill you for that. Those beads were my sign of chief. Now you have broken the beads, the people will say I am no longer chief, and will make some one else chief instead of me. You will have to die.

He took the boy out of the house and led him to the kasga. There were many people in the kasga, but he drove them all out; then he took off the little boy’s clothes, and went away, leaving him all alone to die of cold and hunger. That cruel uncle closed the door, putting heavy pieces of wood against it, so that the little fellow could not push it open, and then went up to the top of the kasga, where he took the skin cover off from the round window hole, to let the cold air in. After that he went away.

When left alone in the cold without any clothes on, the little fellow started to run quickly around and around on the floor to keep warm.

Now in that village lived a man and wife who were very sad because they had no children of their own. These two people loved the little ones very dearly, and were good to all the children in the village; and the children were very fond of them in return for all their kindness.

Long after the chief had gone away from the kasga, and the little boy had run about until he was too tired to run any more, and could no longer keep warm, that kind man who loved little children came on top of the hut, put his head through the window hole, and called, Hello, and the little boy answered, Hello.

The man said, You are alive yet? Then he put his head through the window hole and handed a bundle of things to the boy.

I have brought you some food and some water in a bag, a little oil and a good warm sleeping-bag. Put the sleeping-bag under the floor, and get into it and keep warm.

When the kind man had gone away, the boy put the sleeping-bag through the hole which is in the middle of the floor of every kasga, then, after eating some of the food and drinking some of the water, he fell fast asleep inside the nice, warm bag.

Early in the morning the boy crept out of the hole on to the floor, like a little rat without any fur, and began to run around and around again, to keep warm. It was still dark because the sun is lazy, way up there in Alaska, and gets up very late. It was cold, too, icy cold.

With the first rays of daylight came the uncle’s footsteps on top of the kasga; then the surprised and angry face peering down at the boy through the window hole.

Now the chief had come up there expecting to find his nephew frozen stiff, and was not at all pleased to see him skipping about all bare and so lively. It made him more angry than ever, and he called down in a big, fierce voice, You are alive yet? as though he could not believe his own eyes.

The boy looked up without a word, and kept on running; then the uncle called him all kinds of names, and said, You try to keep alive as hard as you can. This is the last day for you. I’ll fix you. Then he went away.

The boy crept back into his warm bag. When it was getting dark again, he heard some one at the window hole calling, Hello.

The boy answered, Hello. Then the kind man said, Listen, your uncle is determined to kill you. He sent for the shaman and told him that he must kill you tonight. I cannot save you this time, for the shaman is more powerful than I. You must try your best to save yourself. So saying, the kind man went away.

It was night; dark, quiet and cold. The little boy stood shivering and wondering what was going to happen to him. Suddenly he heard a sound, a strange rustling sound. He was terrified, and thought of what the kind man had told him about the shaman, who was very powerful, and knew all kinds of magic.

The strange sound came nearer, and he could see by a light at the door that a big snake was coming near to him. Now, while there is a kind of water serpent in one part of the North, there are no real snakes in Alaska, so the boy had never seen one, and did not know what it was.

The big snake hissed at him and said, I will eat you up.

The boy was terribly frightened, but he was a brave little fellow, so he answered, All right, I am ready.

All the time he was looking desperately about for a weapon of some sort; but the only thing he saw was the skin of the flipper of a seal. This he pulled quickly onto his own right hand, which it fitted like a glove.

Come on, Snake, and eat me up, said he.

The big snake opened his mouth very wide, and quickly the boy thrust his hand with the seal claws on it down the snake’s long throat, and pulled out the snake’s stomach. Such an angry hissing as there was! Then the snake glided away very fast.

Early in the morning, knowing that his uncle would come to see if the shaman had killed him, the boy got out of his bag, and started to run around on the floor to keep warm.

Soon the uncle climbed to the top of the kasga and peered down through the window hole to see if the boy was there. When he saw his nephew running about, he was more angry than ever, and called down in a loud voice, Try as hard as you can to live, I will kill you. Then the boy heard the footsteps going away over the snow, and crept back into the sleeping-bag.

When it began to be dark, some one crept up to the window hole and said, Hello. It was the kind man, and happy indeed was the poor little boy to hear the voice of his friend.

The man was very much surprised to hear the boy’s answering Hello, and very much pleased, and said, Last night, the wicked shaman transformed himself into a snake and went out. In the morning he came crawling back without his stomach, and died. You killed that shaman, I am sure. Now tonight your uncle sent for the very highest shaman of all, and told him he must kill you himself. I am afraid he will succeed this time, with his great magic. You must try your very best to save yourself any way.

Leaving some food and water, the kind man went away, and the boy, shivering with cold and fright, crept back into his bag.

Pretty soon he heard a great noise by the door, and there was a bigger snake than before; a real monster this time. My! How scared that poor little boy was!

He looked about for a weapon to fight the snake with, but there was none.

Nearer and nearer came the horrible creature, with his mouth wide open.

Then the boy’s eyes fell upon the big stone lamp. It was very heavy, but he took it in his hands and went right up to the snake.

If you are going to eat me, Snake, he said, open your mouth as wide as you can, and swallow me quick. The snake hissed loudly, and opened his mouth very wide, and the boy threw the lamp right down the monster’s throat. When the snake had swallowed the lamp, he thought it was the boy and went out. After that the boy got into the bag as before and slept until morning.

As soon as it was daylight the chief came to see if the shaman had obeyed his command. He looked down through the window and saw the boy standing there looking up at him. He surely was surprised.

How dare you be alive? said he. This is the last day for you anyway. If the shaman can’t kill you, I will do it myself.

Long after the uncle had gone, when it began to be dark, some one came to the window hole and shouted, Hello! It was his friend, and how happy it made the little boy to hear that kind voice!

I am thankful that you are alive, said the voice. When the shaman came back last night, he said he had something heavy inside of him, and this morning he was dead. I am sure you killed the wicked shaman, but I fear you will be dead tomorrow yourself. Your uncle has told every man to try to kill you, but I brought you a little spear, and a bow, and a crown; also a warm parka, and some oil. When you put on your clothes, take some of this oil and grease yourself all over, then take some coals from one of the lamps and blacken your face. When you have done this, sit still until your uncle calls you; then go out.

After saying this and giving him the things, the man went away, and the boy was alone again; but this time he felt more hopeful, for did he not have a spear and a bow? And had he not a nice warm parka to put on? Then, too, he was going to get out, anything was better than staying there alone in the dark and cold.

In the morning the boy got up and put on his clothes, which fit as though made for him, and which felt so good and warm after having had no clothes at all for such a long time. He tried the little bow, and that was just the right size for him, too. When he had blackened his face, and put on the little crown, he sat down to wait for the chief.

He did not have long to wait. Pretty soon he heard the crunch, crunch, of footsteps coming over the snow; then the cruel voice of his uncle calling him to come out.

Now the little fellow knew that he was going through that door to be killed, but he took his spear and his bow, and went out as bravely as any man.

When he got outside he saw his uncle standing by the door with a big spear, and a crowd of people armed with spears and bows, all waiting to kill one little boy.

As soon as they saw him they raised a great howl, and hurled their spears at him and shot their arrows; but the weapons struck the oily surface of his parka and glanced aside without harming him at all. Then the boy hurled his spear at his uncle with all his might. It struck deep into his flesh, and the wicked man went off, howling like a dog, and never came back; for which every one was sincerely thankful.

After that the boy heard some one calling, and looking up he saw the kind man and his wife standing on the roof of their igloo, and they were shouting, Let us make him chief! Let us make him chief!

Then the people who wanted to kill him when the wicked uncle was there, shouted, He will be our chief now! He will be our chief! So the boy became chief, and went to live with the kind man and his wife, and took them for his parents and was good to them, just as they had been good to him when he was in trouble.

From that time on, the Eskimos have continued the custom of adopting little orphan children into their homes, and taking care of them; being very kind, and never like the wicked uncle at all.

## A RACE BETWEEN A REINDEER AND A TOM-COD

Long ago somewhere on the shore of the Arctic Ocean a reindeer was taking a walk on the beach, enjoying the fine air, and the sea salt of which the reindeer are so fond. As he passed a little point on the beach jutting out into the ocean, a fish called tom-cod said, Well, Deer, how do you do? The deer stopped to say good-morning to the fish, and asked him if he did not think it would be fun to run a race, and settle for all time which could go the fastest, a reindeer or a fish.

Stopped to say good-morning to the fish

The tom-cod thought about it for a while; then said, I am very busy today, Reindeer, but if you will come this time tomorrow morning, we shall race, and I shall beat you.

We shall see, said the deer, and went home.

When the deer was out of sight the fish sent a message to all the tom-cods near that shore. He told them that the next morning he would have a race with a deer, and that they must answer the deer ever time he said, Fish, are you there?

At sunrise the next day the deer came to the meeting-place and said, Fish, are you there?

Yes, answered the tom-cod. I am waiting for you.

The reindeer walked along the shore, but the tom-cod laughed to himself in fish language, and stayed quietly in the same place in the water.

After walking about a mile, the reindeer said, Fish, are you there?

Then another fish answered him, and said, Yes, Reindeer, I am here, and I could go much faster if I did not have to wait for you.

The reindeer hurried on a little faster. After a while he said, Fish, are you there? and still another fish answered him and said, Yes, Reindeer, I am here, but I could go much faster if I did not have to wait for you.

Then the reindeer, who thought it was the same fish all the time, ran as fast as the wind for a little way. When he stopped he asked, Fish, are you there? and still another fish answered, O yes, I am here, but you are too slow for me.

After that the deer fell exhausted on the beach and could run no more. So in that way the tom-cod won the race.

## WHY THEY HAVE SUMMER ON ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND

Long, long ago, on St. Lawrence Island, there lived an old woman with her little grandson. They were very poor, so poor that the old woman had a hard time to feed and care for the boy.

It was always cold and stormy, and sometimes they had almost nothing to eat for days at a time, because the wind blew so hard that the little boy could not stay out to catch tom-cods.

One time when it had been stormy for many days, and the old grandmother was nearly dying of hunger, the little boy said to her, Grandma, do you know what makes storms like this?

No, said she; I only know that it is always cold and windy; only some days are worse than others. In some places they have sunshine, but never here. We will die of hunger and cold, but the wind will go on blowing just the same, and the snow will fall.

The poor grandmother bowed her head, and the tears fell on her cheeks.

The boy said, How is it, Grandma, that you live so long and do not know what makes storms? I shall find out myself.

The grandmother had to laugh, weak and sad as she was. Why, how can you find out such things? You are only a little boy.

He stood up beside her and tried to look very big and strong.

Grandma, said he, I will teach you about storms myself, even if I am only a little boy. I will find out how to stop these storms.

Then he asked her to mend his mukluks and his mittens, and to be sure there were no holes in his parka, for he was going out.

The old woman said No at first, and begged him not to go, but seeing how determined he was she let him have his way, and got his things ready as he had asked her to do.

When she had finished, the little fellow put the parka over his head, and with his high fur mukluks, and good mittens, he was well protected from the wind.

Outside the igloo he stopped to watch the storm and which way the snow was drifting. After studying it for a while he said to himself, I know now where the storm comes from, and putting his head down he took a long breath and started to walk against the wind, which was so strong that it took him a long time to make any progress at all. The snow was thick and caused him to stop every few steps, and turn his back to the wind, to rest and get his breath.

At last, when he began to despair of getting any farther, he saw something big and dark moving through the snow. It was a man, a very big man. He had on a fine parka with a big band of wolverine fur about the hood, that stood out from his face like the rays of the sun; only the little boy had never seen the sun, so he never thought of that.

Luckily the man had his back to the boy, and of course could not hear him in such a howling wind.

Back and forth, the man walked in the snow, intent upon his work, and not looking about him at all.

The boy watched him closely, and saw that he had a spear, and a big shovel made from the shoulder-bone of a whale. First the man would break up a lot of snow with the spear, then he would scoop it up with his shovel, and with a great shout fling that snow wildly about in every direction. He seemed to be singing some kind of a wild song, and as he waved his shovel high in the air the snow flew thick and fast, whirling away in the great blast of wind made by the fanning of the shovel.

The boy listened for the words of the song. They sounded something like this:

Whir-r-r-r away.
Away blow.
Fill the day,
With flying snow.
Here you go.
There you go.
Blow, blow, BLOW!

At the last BLOW he would give a great shout, and whirl around so fast, and fling the snow so hard, that he would almost lose his balance and fall over on the ground.

How do you think the boy felt when he realized that he had all unexpectedly come upon the Storm Man himself? He was so excited he forgot to feel cold or tired, and began to wonder what he could do, he, a little boy, as his dear old grandmother had so rightly said, to stop the Storm Man from making any more storms. The man was very big and fierce and strong, and he himself was so very little, and had had so little to eat for a long time that he was not strong at all.

Watching the Storm Man, he noticed that every time he got through chopping a lot of snow, he would drop the spear behind him, and stoop to pick up the shovel; so, waiting until the man was entirely absorbed in his shovel and his song, the little boy grabbed the big spear and scampered off across the snow for dear life.

My! How heavy that spear did feel, and how the boy did run! For in spite of his burden, he was so sure the Storm Man was after him that Fear lent wings to his feet and he fairly flew over the snow toward his grandmother’s little house.

Safely he reached the door, and fell breathless on the floor behind his grandmother with the spear in his hand. Almost at his heels, he heard the Storm Man shouting behind him, Give me my spear! Give me my spear!

The old woman roused herself, opened her eyes, and saw the boy.

My son, said she, if you have anything belonging to that man, give it to him or he will kill us.

Grandmother, dear Grandmother, don’t make me give back the spear, for that is the Storm Man, and if I give it back now, he will make a terrible big storm and we shall die anyhow. If I keep it he cannot make the storms.

Then the man shouted louder than ever, If you do not give me back my spear the sky will fall on you! You will be killed and every one on St. Lawrence Island will die, too; but if you give it back right away, it will be summer when you wake up tomorrow morning. The sun will be shining, and the salmon-berries will be ripening all about the house. Then go down to the river and set your nets, and they will quickly be full of fine salmon. Hurry! Hurry! Give me my spear!

The grandmother again said, Boy, give that man his spear.

The little boy was very angry, because he did not believe the Storm Man, and thought they would be killed anyway, but he did not dare disobey the grandmother, so he took the spear to the fireplace and struck the point against the stone lamp to make it dull. When he had finished, he threw it out of the window hole, and called, There is your spear. I know you are the Storm Man.

The Storm Man only laughed, and said, Konnu has sharpened my spear. Now Konnu was the boy’s name.

After that the grandmother and the boy heard the howling song of the Storm Man grow fainter and fainter in the distance, until they both fell asleep to its soothing sound.

Early in the morning the boy was awakened by a strange dazzling light in his eyes. It was the sun. True to his word, the Storm Man had let the summer come.

Outside it was warm. Sunshine was everywhere, making everything look bright and beautiful. The ground about the house was thick with ripening salmon berries, and the sky was blue, with little white puffy clouds floating over it.

Konnu took his nets down to the river, and saw the salmon swimming lazily about. His heart was full of joy, for he knew the Storm Man had kept his word, that this was summer, and they need not be hungry and cold any more.

## THE LOST SON

Long ago, in a village on the Arctic coast of Alaska, there lived a man and his wife, with their only son.

The boy was clever and brave, and a good hunter. Every spring he went out with his harpoon and killed a whale, but he did not worship the whales as his father did. The father thought the whales had great power, and he used to pray to them.

One winter while the young man was out hunting, the ice broke and drifted away from land, leaving him on the ice floe with a great expanse of shining sea between himself and the shore. There was no way for him to reach land, and, to make matters worse, a storm arose, and the wind blew and howled, and the waves grew so big that they looked like mountains. Pretty soon the ice was all broken up, so that he found himself on a very small, high iceberg. He had scarcely room to turn around, and all night long he clung there, cramped up and cold.

When daylight came again, and he saw that he was all alone on a little piece of ice, floating on a big black ocean, without even a glimpse of land to cheer him, he fell into deep despair. Very miserably he waited there, looking out over the sea until night began to fall once more; then he could bear it no longer. Taking his hunting knife from its sheath, he made ready to kill himself. As he raised the knife, a hand from above seized his hand, and a great voice spoke in his heart, saying, You must not do that. It is wrong. On hearing this, he dropped the knife in the water, and suddenly he felt himself being drawn up swiftly through the air. When he recovered his breath and looked about him, he was in heaven. It was very light, and he was not cold or sad any more.

While he stood there enjoying the balmy air and warm sunshine, a kind man came along, and took him to his home, where he was as well fed and treated as by a loving father.

Now his own father and mother were in great distress, and scarcely knew how to live without him. The neighbors were sorry for them, and every one in the village spoke kindly of the young man, whom they looked upon as lost forever.

At the far end of the village, in a tiny hut, there lived an old woman with her little granddaughter.

One day the little girl said, Grandma, I wish I might bring back that young man.

Indeed, my dear, I wish so too, answered the old woman; but how could one little girl do what all the wise people in the village have not been able to accomplish?

But the little girl kept on thinking about it and wishing she could bring the young man back to his unhappy parents; until at last she could think of nothing else, and could neither eat nor sleep for thinking of it.

One night, while her grandmother slept, the little girl lay looking at the old stone lamp, dreaming of the sadness that had come over her village because the boy, whom they all loved, was lost. She fancied the flickering light, from its wick of moss, winked at her, as much as to say, I know something you would like to know. So she began to talk to it in a low voice, that she might not awaken her grandmother. Lamp, dear Lamp, can’t you go and find that boy? Your eyes are so bright, and you look so wise. Won’t you please go and find him?

She sat up on her little heels, with her hands clasped, speaking eagerly.

The old grandmother stirred uneasily among her bear skins on the floor. The lamp twinkled and flickered, then, trembling a little, began to hop with short quick hops at first, then higher and higher, until at last, waving a bright goodby to her, the little lamp shot right out through the hole that is in the roof of every Eskimo house, and went straight up to heaven to get the young man, and bring him home.

O Grandmother! cried the little girl. Our lamp has gone after him.

The grandmother shivered, for without the lamp which supplied their heat and light, she felt cold. Drawing the little girl down beside her, she snuggled under the big fur rugs and went to sleep.

When the lamp reached heaven it went straight to the house where the young man was. It hopped so quickly through the ventilator, into the house, that some of the oil spilled out on the floor. The man who lived there tried to grab it, but each time he thought he had caught it, the lamp slipped from his fingers, and hopped away through the air, beckoning to the young man to come. Quickly jumping into the bowl of the lamp, the boy sat there and was carried straight down to the little girl.

When the little girl opened her eyes in the morning, she was disappointed to see the old lamp twinkling away in its accustomed place, looking very innocent indeed. The child thought it must have been a dream. Then a shadow came between her and the lamp, and she saw the boy standing, smiling down at her and the grandmother, and she knew that her dream had come true.

When they had recovered from their astonishment, and the boy had asked all about his parents and his friends, they talked a long while together and arranged a fine plan to give his father and mother a surprise.

The grandmother was to go to his house at once and ask his parents to give her some clothes, for those he had on were shabby and soiled, but she was to make believe that she wanted them for herself.

When the old woman reached the boy’s home, the parents welcomed her very kindly and asked what they could do for her.

Let me have some of your son’s clothes, said she. My little granddaughter and I are very poor, and the weather is cold.

Alas! sighed the man. Our son is lost to us, and I fear he will not want his clothes any more. He would be happy to know that they were of use to you.

They gave her the very best parka and mukluks the boy had, also some food. She thanked them heartily, and went home as fast as she could, for the sight of their sad faces made her feel that no time must be lost in making them happy again.

By the time the boy was dressed, and they had all had some food, it was evening. Then the two children ran hand in hand to the kasga, where the people were gathering to sing songs and play games.

The little girl went in first, and asked if she too might sing. They gave her a drum, and she sang a wonderful song, all about a dream she had had, which really was the story of how the lamp had found the boy and brought him home.

The sad parents were there, and the mother began to cry for her son, and the father said, I wish that dream would come true!

Just as he said this, the boy gave a shout and rushed into the room. You can imagine how surprised they all were, and how happy too.

Then the little girl slipped quietly out and went home with a shining face.

Grandmother, said she, I can sleep well tonight, for I know everybody is glad again.

The next day the boy came to the grandmother, and asked her and her granddaughter to come to live at his home with his father and mother.

They went with him, and after that they were always happy and comfortable, for the boy became a famous hunter, and kept them all supplied with good things to eat, and plenty of fur skins to keep them warm.

The little girl grew big, and the old grandmother bossed them all. Grandmothers always do in Eskimo Land.

## THE CROW AND THE OWL

Long ago, when crows were white, a crow and an owl sat on a log, talking together.

The crow said he did not like his color, and the owl said, I wish I had some pretty spots on my back.

So do I, said the crow. Let us paint each other with black oil from the lamp.

To-whit, to-whoo, said the owl. What fun that would be!

Now when a clay lamp gets old there is a lot of thick black oil in the bottom of it. The Eskimos make chewing-gum out of this oil.

The crow took one of the owl’s feathers, dipped it into the oil, and painted beautiful black spots all over the owl’s body. He did it very well and made the owl look fine.

Then came the owl’s turn to paint the crow. At first he liked to do it, and made such pretty round spots that the crow began to feel very proud indeed; but before he was half through, the owl got tired of working so hard; and taking the lamp, he turned it upside down, and poured the black oil all over the crow.

How angry that crow was when he found himself black all over! He tried his best to get it off, but it was no use. The black stuck fast.

Ever since then, the crow has been the blackest of all birds.

Poured the black oil all over the crow

## THE RUNNING STICK

Long ago, in the village of Na-ki-a-ki-a-mute, there lived a strong man, or chief, with his wife, to whom he was very devoted. They had no children, but among their neighbors was a little girl who lived in a tiny house with her grandmother. These two were very poor, but the chief was rich, and the chief’s wife loved the little girl and had her often with her. Indeed the child used to come every day to fetch water for the chief’s wife, from the water hole through the ice in the river nearby.

One day the man went off hunting, and when he came back with a fine fat seal for their food his wife was gone. He called and called her, but she did not answer. Then he went to all his neighbors seeking her, but no one had seen her, and no trace of her could he find anywhere. There was not even a footprint to show in which direction she had gone.

The poor man was nearly crazy with grief and anger, for he felt sure some one must have taken his wife away from him. He became fierce and sullen, brooding over his troubles and loneliness, and would speak to no one. In fact no one dared to come near him for fear of being killed.

All day long he would sit out in front of his house with his big bow and quiver full of arrows, watching; and at night he did not sleep, nor could he eat.

One day the old grandmother said to the little girl, I am sorry for that poor man; he is so unhappy. You go to him and ask him to come and eat with us. His wife loved you. He will not hurt you. Try to bring him back with you.

Very timidly the little girl obeyed, for in her heart she was afraid to go. When she got near the chief’s house she stopped and felt like turning back, for he sat there looking so fierce and gloomy that she was frightened; but when he saw the child standing there he motioned to her to come. Then she felt no longer afraid, but went and sat beside him, and told him what her grandmother had said. The chief answered nothing, but when she slipped her little hand in his, he got up and went with her to her home, where the old woman had already cooked him a fine supper of reindeer meat.

The poor man had not eaten for so long that he was starving, and when he had finished all the meat the old woman had, he sent the little girl to his own house to get some more.

As soon as the little one had gone out of the room, the grandmother said to him, I sent for you because you have been kind to us, and I believe I can help you to find your wife. You must make a good strong staff of driftwood, then take this bunch of charms and tie it firmly to the stick, and she gave him a little bunch of charms. These charms were ivory animals and faces and some tufts of feathers from sea birds.

Next she said that he must set the stick upright in the ground, in front of his house, very firmly, so that the wind could not blow it over. When he had done this he should go to bed and sleep. In the morning he must examine the stick carefully, and go in the direction in which the stick leaned. Wherever he stopped for the night he must set the stick up in the same way, and in the morning the stick would point in the direction he must follow to find his wife.

If you obey my instructions, said she, the stick will lead you straight to your wife.

Then the little girl came in with some more reindeer meat, and the man ate until he was satisfied, and went home.

As soon as he reached his house, he made a fine staff, tied the charms to it and planted it firmly in the ground before the door. Then he went in, and rolling himself up in a big bear skin, fell asleep.

He woke up in the morning feeling well rested, and more like himself than at any time since his wife’s disappearance. It was late and the sun had already risen. He hurried out anxiously to look at his stick. It was bent directly toward the North, so he pulled it up and started on his journey, with the staff moving along before him.

For two days and two nights he traveled without rest, having a hard time to keep up with that stick, which hopped along in front of him. Then, being tired, he stuck the staff into the ground and went to sleep.

When he woke, the stick was again pointing North. This time it leaned over more than before.

For three days and nights he traveled, then he slept, and in the morning his faithful staff was bending way over, still toward the North.

Now my wife cannot be very far away, he thought.

That night he slept again, and when he awoke, the staff had leaned so far over that the tip almost touched the ground; so he felt sure he must be near his journey’s end.

About noon, when the sun hung very round and very red, low down in the sky, he came to a huge snow house, the biggest house he had ever seen. Right by the house stood four posts close together, and on these posts was hung the skin of an enormous bird.

Hiding himself among some willow bushes, he watched to see what would happen.

Pretty soon a very tall man came out of the house and went to the posts. Climbing up on them, he took the skin, put it on, and flew away over the sea.

When the bird man was out of sight, our friend took his faithful staff and went into the house. There he found his wife, who was very happy to see him.

I knew you would come and find me, she said. That terrible big bird carried me away in his claws; that is why you could not find my footprints in the snow.

Her husband wanted her to come home with him at once, but she told him that it would be better if she could first see the bird man, who would come back soon again. Her plan was to send the bird man on some far distant fight, so that they might get away during his absence. She gave her husband some food, and he went back to his hiding-place to wait for the bird man to come and go.

After a short time the bird came back with a walrus in one claw and a seal in the other. Flying to the rack, he took off the bird skin, hung it up, and went into the house.

When he came in, he found the woman crying. What do you want? said he.

I want a white whale and a hump-back whale. I didn’t want any seal. I am tired of seal and walrus meat. Boo-hoo! and she howled and wailed dismally.

Only be quiet, said the bird man, and I will get you what you want. And he came out again and, putting on his bird skin, once more flew out over the sea.

When the bird was out of sight, the woman ran from the house to her husband, who put her on his back and started for home as fast as he could go. He was the swiftest runner in his village, and covered the ground pretty fast; but, after all, legs are not wings. It was not long before they met the bird man coming back with a whale in each of his talons. When he saw the man carrying the woman away on his back, the bird was very angry, and circled about in the air over their heads, calling out to them, I shall kill you. First, however, I am going to take these two whales home, then I shall come back and kill you. And away he flew.

The man ran as fast as he could, but just as they reached the banks of a big river the bird came in sight.

The man and his wife dug a cave in the river bank, and hid in it while the bird flew by looking for them. Nowhere could the big bird find those two people, although he was sure they must be hiding somewhere nearby. Suddenly he circled about, and flew down to the water. I shall set my great wing across the river like a dam, and the water will rise and drown them, cried he; so he stretched his great wing across the river and the water rose over the wing, and crept nearer and nearer to where the man and his wife were hidden.

The two poor people were in despair. They thought that surely they would be drowned, when suddenly the man remembered his father, who was a witch doctor, and some magic words came to his mind:

Kluk-a-luk.
Muk-a-luk.
puk-a-luk.
Freeze up hard,
Or you must run dry.

He said these words over three times aloud. At that moment the water of the river began to freeze. It was the month called Naz-ze-rak-sek by the Eskimos, which means October.

At last the river froze so hard and solid, that the bird’s wing was frozen fast into the ice and he could not pull it out. Then the husband killed the wicked bird, and plucking one of the long feathers from its wing for a charm, took his wife safely home without any further trouble.

They brought the old grandmother and the little girl to live with them, and they were all happy the whole winter long with the meat of the big bird for food.

## THE TREACHEROUS CROW AND HIS COUSIN, THE MINK

Long ago, a crow and a mink lived together. The crow called the mink his cousin. They made a little cabin where there was a sand bar and willows. In summer time when the weather was fine they played together on the sand bar, which was bigger than any sand pile any children ever had.

One day they saw some dead salmon on the beach, and the tracks of a brown bear.

The crow said to the mink, his cousin, What shall we do if that brown bear comes around here?

The mink answered, We cannot catch that bear. He is bigger and stronger than we are. He will kill us.

Then the crow laughed, Haw, haw! I know how to kill that bear; it is easy. Cousin, you will go inside the dead salmon, and I will put it in the bear’s track.

O no! said the mink. I am afraid. You go yourself into the salmon.

But the crow was boss. I do not wish to go into the salmon, said he. You go yourself. I am bigger than you, and I have wings. I will put you into the salmon, and I will put the salmon in the bear’s track, and don’t you move one bit, even if you are scared. I will tell you what to do. If the bear comes, keep very still. If he opens his mouth to bite, you just jump down his throat, and go in as far as you can. Bite him hard inside, and then he will drop dead.

The mink was terribly afraid, but the crow said, I will help you. When the bear drops dead, I will run out of my hiding-place, and cut a little door in his side with my knife, and you will jump out. If you do that, we will live well and have lots of meat to eat all winter.

The poor mink looked very sad indeed, but did not dare to refuse to do what the crow told him.

All right, said the mink, I will do it, but I know that I shall die.

The crow went to work to prepare the big fish. He skinned it nicely, and when it was ready, put his cousin, the mink, inside of it, and laid it where the bear track was.

The mink was terribly frightened inside the salmon, because he knew the bear would eat him up. The crow hid among the willows and watched his cousin.

The bear came around by the same track and saw the salmon

After a while the bear came around by the same track, looking for a fish to eat, and saw the salmon. First he sniffed at it, and noticed that it smelled a little different, but very good. Then he sniffed again, and, being very hungry, he opened his big mouth wide, and the mink popped right down his throat. Down he went, down as far as he could jump, biting hard all the time. The crow was watching from the willows, and pretty soon the bear danced around on his hind legs and fell to the ground. Quickly the crow flew to the bear, and with his little knife cut a door for the poor frightened mink to jump out of.

See, said the crow, I told you it was easy to kill the big bear. Now we have killed him, we will have meat all winter, and will not have to go out to hunt in bad weather.

The mink said nothing, but went to work to help the crow fix up the bear into fine steaks.

They dried the meat and hung it up, and there was enough to feed the whole village.

One night the crow said to the mink, Cousin, once upon a time in the olden days people of one village used to invite the people of another village to come to a feast and dance. I should like to do that myself.

Why, said the mink, I have never heard of that before. I don’t know what that would be like, but I should love to see it.

We will do it, said the crow. We have plenty of fine bear meat for every one, and we will give a party. I will tell you what to do, Cousin, and tomorrow you will start, but you must do just what I tell you.

Then they went to sleep, and early in the morning, the crow sent his cousin to the sea.

You walk until you come to a village, said he, but don’t stop at that one; go right on until you come to a second village; pass that one also. When you come to the third village, stop, and the people will ask you where you come from. Say to them, I come from a big village. We have a chief in our village, and he has sent me to invite you all to his big dance. If they ask you what kind of a chief you have, don’t tell them it is a crow, because if you tell them that, no one will come. Just say, We have a fine chief.

When the crow had finished talking, the mink jumped on to the ice, and went toward the sea. He went on until he came to a village, but he did not stop at that one; he passed it as his cousin had told him to do, and went on again. Then he came to the second village, but he passed that one too, and at last came to the third village. Here he stopped, and the people were happy when he gave them his cousin’s invitation.

Everybody in the village wanted to go to the feast, and the next morning they all started off.

When they passed the first village, where the crow had told the mink not to stop, two people came out and asked if they might go also.

The mink said, No, we do not want you. But they came anyway.

Just before dark the mink got home to the crow. What was his surprise to see a fine village, where he had left only a cabin the day before; and a lot of people coming out to meet him and his guests.

The mink saw his crow cousin surrounded by a crowd of people, all dressed up in fine clothes, looking very fine indeed. The crow was so happy to see the mink coming with the people of the sea village that he started up a great shout. They all shouted loudly, and the crow, in his excitement, forgetting that he was a crow, tried to shout with them, but all he could say was Caw, caw!

The two people from the first village, who had not been invited, were watching very closely to see what sort of people these were who gave this great feast, and when they heard the crow shouting, Caw, caw, they called, Look out, friends. We see that the chief of this village is a crow!

Then the crow spoke up and said, I am not a crow, people. Don’t be afraid. I promise you a good time. We will dance tonight only, then I will send you home.

Before the dance they had some races. The marten came first, then the wolf, then the lynx. The Arctic hare came fourth, and fifth, the fox. The Arctic hare could have won first prize if he had wanted to, but he kept sitting down every minute. One of the people, a muskrat, had not come back from the race when the dance started, and when he came in all hot and tired the people laughed and made fun of him. That made him so angry that he was in a great temper, but the crow said, Don’t you mind them; you are all right. So he felt better about it.

Before the dance started, the crow stood up on top of the house, and called out, People, I am going to do something fine for you. I am going to rub some oil on your eyes that will make you all see every animal when you go hunting. Last fall I killed a bear, and the oil is from that bear.

At this the mink was in a terrible rage, because the crow did not tell them that it was he who had killed the bear, and he began to shout, He lies, he lies! He did not kill the bear. I killed it myself.

Well, the crow was so embarrassed and surprised when he heard his cousin say this that he fell right down from the top of the house where he had been standing.

The mink, too, was terribly sorry he had spoken so hastily, and he called out to the crow, O dear Cousin, forgive me; I did not mean that. I was only jealous. People, listen to me. I did not kill the bear at all. My cousin told the truth. He really killed that bear.

Then the crow was happy again, and flew back to his high perch, where he recovered his dignity.

Then the people began to ask about the oil, and all stepped up to the crow in turn, and he put it on their eyes.

The two people from that first village were watching the crow all the time, and suddenly one of them jumped up and began to shout, Stop, people! Stop! He is putting glue on your eyes!

There was great excitement, and the people tried to open their eyes, but could not, for their eyes were stuck together with glue.

All at once salt water began to pour into the house, and every one rushed to get out of the door, but their eyes were glued, so they could not see the hole to go out.

Now the crow took a big stick, and the mink one also, and all the crow’s people armed themselves with big sticks, and killed all the people the mink had gone to sea to invite, and who turned out to be seals after all.

Then the treacherous and tricky crow gave one of the seals to each of his own people and sent them home.

This is how the crow got the name of being the trickiest of all the birds, and no animal really likes him, because they know they cannot trust him.

## GOOD AND BAD WEATHER

Long ago, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, two Eskimo boys were walking from their own home to a far-away village. While they were going along, a terrible storm overtook them and they had to hold each other by the hand to keep from falling. Pretty soon the wind rose so high, and the snow fell so fast, they felt they could go no farther. In despair, they clung to each other, blinded by the snow, when a tremendous gust of wind suddenly caught them, and blew them against the side of a little snow house. How glad they were to find shelter!

Inside the house was an old woman, living all alone. She was very kind and invited them to sit down and rest; then she gave them something to eat, and told them that she was going out.

Do not look after me to see what I am doing, said she, or you will be sorry.

She put on her parka and mukluks, and took her stone skin scraper in her hand and went out the door.

The Eskimo women have a scraper which they use to scrape the flesh, or meat, from the skin of the animals they prepare for clothing. This scraper is somewhat the shape of a carpenter’s plane. The blade is made of a sharp piece of stone. That was the kind of thing the old woman took out with her.

The boys were devoured with curiosity, and after she had gone the oldest one said, Let us go out and look at her. But the younger boy whispered, No, no. He was afraid; but his brother was determined to see what that old woman was doing out there with her knife, so he persuaded the little one to creep softly to the door with him, and peek out.

Where do you think the old woman was? And what do you think she was doing? Way up in the sky she sat, scraping away at the clouds. She had already scraped off half the clouds, and where she had scraped, the sky was as blue, as blue as could be, but the other half was still covered with thick black clouds.

When she saw the two boys peeping at her, she let go of the sky and fell down. As she came into the house, the boys were sitting on the floor, just as she had left them, hoping she had not really seen them looking at her.

You rascals! You bad boys! she cried. You did just what I told you not to do. If you had not looked out at me, and made me fall off, I would have cleaned all the clouds away, and we should never have had any more storms. But alas! I cannot go up there again, and now we shall have both clear and cloudy weather.

Ever since then it has been sometimes clear and sometimes stormy, because the old woman had only had time to clean off one-half of the sky.

## HOW THE WHITE WHALES HAPPENED

Long, long ago, on St. Lawrence Island, there lived with his grandmother a little blind orphan boy. He was so blind that he could not even see a ray of light.

The grandmother was a wicked old witch, and treated him very badly.

They were frightfully poor, and had to eat muskrats, for they had no one to go hunting food for them.

One day the old woman came in very much excited because she had seen a polar bear with two cubs. Now you must understand that the bear cubs are the baby bears, and are nice and round and plump and juicy and covered with white fluffy fur. The grandmother smacked her lips at the thought of those delicious little bears.

After grumbling about for a while, and scolding the boy because he could not see to go hunting, she handed him a strong bow made from driftwood and some fine arrows tipped with bone, and told him to go out and kill those bears.

But, Grandmother, said he, how can I kill the bears when I cannot see to shoot them?

Come out and I will show you. And she shoved him out of the house.

They sat down outside and waited for Mother Bear to come by with her babies.

The grandmother told the boy to hold the arrow pointed straight in front of him, and that she would tell him when to let it fly.

They waited a long time for the bears to come, and just as he was getting so tired he feared he would drop the heavy bow, who should come sauntering slowly along but Mother Bear and her two frisky babies. Just as they passed the very spot at which the blind boy was aiming, his grandmother whispered, Shoot! and he let fly the arrow. One by one he killed the three bears in this way.

Of course the poor little fellow could not see the bears at all and was not sure that he had killed them, but when he asked her the old witch would tell him nothing. She only scolded him and shoved him into the house.

Saying that she was going to gather sticks for the fire, she took her big knife, with a green jade blade and walrus ivory handle, and went out to skin the bears. Having carefully removed the skins, she hung the meat to dry in the cache, a sort of high drying-frame, where no wild animal could get at it.

When dinner time came the old grandmother feasted greedily on bear steak, but she gave only lean muskrats to the hungry little boy.

In the morning the little fellow crawled out on his hands and knees to search for willow weeds, which the Eskimos like to make tea from. They chew it too sometimes. He had to feel his way very carefully so as not to hurt himself, for of course he could see nothing.

While he was crawling along, reaching out with his hands for the willows, he heard something hopping lightly before him.

A little twittering voice said, Good-morning, boy.

Who are you? said the boy, and he stopped to listen.

I am a snipe, and I can make your eyes see if you will let me.

Well, said the boy, I have always been blind, and I don’t think a snipe could give me my sight, but I could not be worse off than I am now, so you might try, if you want to.

No sooner had he said this than the snipe hopped on his shoulder and began brushing his eyes very lightly with the tip of her pretty spotted wing. This she did gently back and forth many times, until at last he shouted gladly that he could see.

The little snipe did not let him go just then, but made him keep very quiet until she had polished his eyes so bright that he could see the tiniest speck of sand in the bottom of the ocean; then she sent him home.

Thanking his little new-found friend, the boy ran back as fast as his feet could carry him. When he got near the house, he dropped down on his hands and knees again, and closing his eyes, came crawling in. As he entered he detected the odor of bear meat.

Grandmother, what is that good smell that makes me so hungry? said he; but the old woman spoke harshly, and scolded him for not bringing back any willow weed. He still kept asking for food, hoping she would give him some of the bear, but she placed the muskrat before him again, while she ate the bear steaks. When she was too busy eating to notice him, he peeped at her with one eye, and saw her devouring greedily. When she was too well filled to eat any more, she went down to the sea to wash the bear grease off her hands and face, but she was so heavy with food that when she leaned over she fell into the water head first.

The boy heard a shriek and ran to the shore just in time to see her rise to the surface, turn into a white whale, and swim away.

Ever since then the Eskimos have believed that all white whales were once old women. Indeed, to this day, they insist that a bunch of white hair is found inside the brain of a white whale, which makes them all the more sure of it.

## A GIANT AND HIS DRUM

Long ago, in a village in Eskimo Land, there lived a man with his wife and five sons, of whom they were very proud.

One day the oldest son came to his father and said, Father we have always been in the same place, and seen the same kind of people. I think it is time for me to go in search of another village and see something of the world.

So bidding them all goodby, he took his hunting knife and his strong bow with a quiver full of arrows and went away.

The next day the second son said that he must go after his brother. So he went too; and after him the third. At last the fourth followed the others and the parents found themselves alone with the youngest son, who was only a boy. He of course wanted to go to find his brothers, and the father and mother, who were already very sad at losing four boys, had hard work to keep him at home. They shut him in the house, and took turns watching that he did not get away.

One day, however, the mother fell asleep and the boy, who had been waiting for a chance, slipped out of the house and ran as fast as he could go. After he had run far enough to feel sure they could not catch him, he made the image of a man out of birchbark and fastened it to the top of his parka hood, where it stood up very high and white. Having done this he went merrily on his way.

After walking a long time he saw a huge house, with an enormous giant standing out in front of it. Beside the giant hung a drum. This drum was a big box, with seal intestine stretched over the ends, and all around the edge of it was bone, as sharp as a knife. The Eskimos use drums for their ceremonial dances, but the boy had never seen such a big one as this. On the ground all about the giant were the bones and skulls of the men he had devoured.

The little fellow was so frightened he wanted to run away, but it was too late, for the giant had already seen him and shouted to him that he must dance. The boy obeyed, and while he was dancing the giant beat upon the drum and sang a long song. When he came to the end of the song, he gave a mighty shout and hurled the drum at the boy’s head. Whizzing through the air, the drum struck the arm of the birchbark image and broke it off; then the boy took the drum and sang the giant’s song. When he had finished, he threw the drum back and it cut off one of the giant’s arms. They kept throwing the drum back and forth at each other until at last the image was broken, and the giant fell dead. The birchbark image had saved the boy’s life, because the giant mistook it for the boy and threw the drum at it every time.

The boy was terribly proud of himself; indeed, he could hardly believe he had killed that great giant, and he waited a little way off until he saw that the giant did not move; then he went into the house. When he got inside he heard a sound of crying that seemed to come from under the floor. There, in a deep pit, he found his four brothers, who were being kept by the giant for a great feast that was to take place the next day. If the boy had come two days later he would have found nothing left of his brothers but their bones.

You may be sure the four boys were happy to be saved from such a cruel fate, and they could not praise their brother enough for his cleverness and courage.

Bringing the great drum with them, they hurried back as fast as they could to their parents.

After that they were all content to stay at home and hunt walruses and whales; for they had had enough of going abroad in search of adventure.

## LOVEK AND SERANAK

Long ago, on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea there lived a strong man named Lovek. This man was very bad; indeed, he was a big bully. Whenever any of his neighbors went hunting, Lovek would take away whatever they had killed, as soon as they had hauled it over the ice to the shore. Every one in the village was afraid of this man who took away all their food, and who was so strong no one could beat him. The people did not know what to do, and were almost afraid to go hunting at all, for Lovek was sure to find them and take away their game.

Now in this village there lived an orphan boy with his uncle. The boy’s name was Seranak, and he was so poor he had scarcely any clothes to wear and almost no food to eat.

One night at the kasga, Seranak heard the people talking about Lovek. They hardly dared to speak aloud, and Seranak had to creep up close to his uncle to hear what they were saying; but he heard enough to make him feel very sorry for all the people, and determined to do something to help them get rid of such a bad man.

When his uncle reached home, Seranak begged for some clothes and weapons that he might go hunting.

At first his uncle refused, saying, No, Seranak. What would a little boy like you do if Lovek came along? He would take away anything you had caught and might kill you too.

Seranak begged so hard that at last his uncle said he might go, and gave him a warm parka, a good pair of mukluks and a fine strong spear with a sharp tip made of walrus ivory, and a long line made of walrus hide. The boy thanked his uncle and went down to the ice which spread out like a roof over the sea.

No sooner did he reach the edge of the ice than a walrus stuck his great head up out of the water. To Seranak that walrus looked very funny with his whiskers like an old man and two long tusks; he seemed to be saying, What do you think you can do, little boy, with that long spear? But he soon knew what little boy could do, for quickly Seranak raised his arm, gave the spear a thrust, and it sank deep into the side of the walrus. After that the boy hauled the animal upon the ice and began cutting him up for meat.

Lovek, I have you at my mercy now

While he was working away with his uncle’s fine hunting knife, Lovek came along, and stopping beside him with an evil grin, said, Ha ha, Seranak. So you are a big man now that you have killed a walrus! It is good of you to go hunting for me. I will take the head now and the meat later.

Seranak said not a word but went on with his work just as though he had heard nothing at all.

This surprised Lovek, whose stupid big face took on a puzzled expression. He had never been treated like that before. Usually people jumped and looked scared when he shouted at them.

Coming a little nearer, he roared at Seranak, Boy, don’t you hear me? Hand me that walrus head!

Seranak paid no attention at all, until Lovek was almost on top of him; then suddenly springing to his feet, he flung the surprised Lovek into the deep water between the floes of ice. After a while Lovek came to the top, puffing and blowing like a whale. Every time he stuck his head out of the water, there was Seranak with his big spear. At last, when Lovek was nearly drowned and almost frozen, Seranak said, Lovek, I have you at my mercy now and I will not let you out unless you promise to be good and never again take that which does not belong to you.

Of course Lovek promised. He was terribly frightened and greatly surprised to find that he could be beaten by a little boy. After that he was good to the hunters and became the kindest man in the village.

From that time Seranak was the hero of the people, and when he grew up the people called him Ommalik, which is the same almost as Big Chief.

## THE CARIBOU

Long ago there was an Eskimo family living in a place quite by themselves, and far away from any village.

The father had been killed by a caribou some years before, so the widowed mother was alone with her two sons. They had been little boys when the father died, but now they were young men and fine hunters.

Every day they used to go hunting. Always they brought back game of some kind, so the family lived on the fat of the land.

At that time there were many caribou, which in those days had long sharp teeth and could bite and kill people. Men used to hunt them with bows and arrows and spears.

One day the two young men went out to hunt as usual, but this time they did not return.

Days passed and they did not come. Their poor mother was sad and anxious, waiting for them. Every day she looked about and watched and waited, but still they did not come home. She did not dare to go far from the house to search for them, for she was afraid of the fierce caribou with their sharp teeth.

One day as she was watching, always hoping to see her sons coming back, a big crow came flying by. She called out, Crow, Crow, can you tell me where are my two boys?

And the crow said, Yes, I know where your two boys are. Then he flew up still higher and circled about saying, Caw, caw! and the poor mother was nearly frantic for fear that he would fly away without telling her.

O please come back! she cried; but he flew a little higher, teasingly saying, Caw, caw! Wouldn’t you like to know?

The woman went into her house and brought a piece of seal blubber and held it up.

I will give you this, Crow, if you tell me where to find them.

Lazily the crow floated down and perched on the ground nearby.

Give it to me, said he.

Tell me first, said she.

So cocking his head on one side he said, All right, I will tell you, but your sons are both dead. The caribou killed them with their long teeth.

The poor mother was in despair, but she remembered to give the crow his meat, and as he was about to fly away, she said, Crow, if you will show me the way to my sons, I will feed you whenever you come.

So the crow told her where to go, but he said, You will never feed me again if you go there, because the caribou will tear you with their teeth.

Then he flapped his big black wings and said, Caw, caw! And the woman thought he was laughing at her.

Going into the house, she covered herself all over with the red juice of cranberries. It is very sour and tastes very bad. Her whole parka was stained bright red with it; even her mukluks and mittens. Then, without taking a weapon of any kind, she started off for the place where the crow had told her she would find her boys.

It was a long way, and many caribou came after her and caught her parka in their teeth and tried to bite her, but as soon as they tasted the cranberry juice it was so terribly sour all their teeth fell out, leaving them unable to bite any more.

When the mother came to where her two sons were lying, they seemed to be asleep and covered with wounds from the bites of the caribou.

Crying, Wake up, wake up! in a loud voice, she kicked the soles of their feet, first one then the other. As she did this, each one in turn sat up and opened his eyes. They were very happy to see their mother, and she rejoiced to find them alive. Then she helped them to their feet and took them home and nursed them back to health.

As soon as their wounds healed, the boys went hunting as before, but without fear, for from that time on, the caribou have never had any long teeth.

## A FOX STORY

Long ago, in the mountains of the Seward Peninsula, there lived a fox who had a family of babies in his den. It was summer time, and he was busy trying to find food for his little family. Every morning he used to go hunting, while Mother Fox stayed home to take care of the baby foxes, and see that they got into no mischief. When the young foxes grew big enough to hunt for themselves, Father Fox decided to go on a journey of adventure.

One day he climbed a high mountain. There was a deep ravine and then another mountain, and he thought he would like to cross the divide to see if there was any game on the opposite mountain. He had never been over there, and he hoped he might find some good, fat ptarmigans or rabbits on a new hunting-ground. Looking about, he saw a bear who was eating a newly killed caribou.

The fox called to the bear in a coaxing voice, saying, Dear Cousin, give me a piece of that meat and some of the fat.

No! growled the bear. You get away from here right away! If you don’t I will kill you, too! That bear was not at all polite, nor was he very generous, but the fox did not dare to say anything because he was really afraid of the bear, so he just went slinking away through the brush with his bushy tail dragging on the ground.

I will get even with the bear somehow, he muttered.

After a while what should he meet but another bear.

Good-morning, Cousin, said the fox most politely; I was looking for you.

What were you looking for me for? asked the bear.

Well, if you are hungry, I know where you can get a fine dinner, said the sly fox.

Where is that? asked the bear, beginning to look interested.

A little while ago I saw another animal like you, only not so big, and he was eating a fine, fat caribou. I will show you where he is if you want; then, together, we can kill that other bear, and both have plenty to eat.

The bear looked surprised. O no, said he. We never do such things as that. Bears do not kill each other. We are friends.

That is nothing, said the fox. When we are hungry, we foxes kill each other, and eat each other, too. The bear I saw is a bad bear. He said he would bite you, if he met you.

Now the fox knew he was telling an untruth, but he wanted to make this bear angry with the other one. He was not a good character, that fox. Of course, the bear was angry at that.

We will go fight now, and I will see what that bear means by saying such things. He was really furious, and went off through the woods with great strides, so that the fox had to run to keep up with him.

As soon as he saw the bear with the caribou, he jumped at him and a desperate battle began. While they were busy fighting, the fox took all the fat from the caribou and hid it under his skin.

When the second bear had beaten the bear with the caribou, and had driven him away, he saw the fox lying on the ground moaning and groaning as though in great pain.

What is the matter, Cousin? asked the bear.

O! groaned the fox, I am almost dead! And he rolled over and made believe to cry. I got terribly hurt helping you in that terrible fight. It was I who gave your enemy the blow that drove him away.

Now of course this was not true at all, but the bear was very sorry and thought him a brave and loyal friend.

You are a brave fox, he said, and we will always be friends.

Then they ate all they wanted of the caribou, and left the place together.

When the fox got hungry he would just take some of the fat of the caribou from under his skin and feed on that. When the bear got hungry he could find nothing to eat but a few blueberries. The poor animal who was starving began to wonder why the fox was never hungry, so he asked him, Cousin have you been eating something? and the fox said, When I am hungry, I just make a little hole in my skin and eat some of my own fat, then I am satisfied. Wasn’t he an awful story-teller?

The bear thought he would like to try that, too, so he took a bite out of himself, and pretty soon he died. The wicked fox laughed at that, for it was the very thing he had planned. He was pleased to have the bear to eat, and removing the fat from his one-time friend, he stuffed it under his own skin, and for a long while lived not on the fat of the land as they say, but on the fat of the companion who trusted and admired him.

Winter was coming; the days were growing dark and cold, and Mr. Sly Fox was beginning to get hungry again. He wondered what he should do for food, and began to hunt about the woods.

One day he met a wolf who was also in search of food.

The wolf asked him, Fox, Fox, where have you been, you look so fine and fat, while all the other animals are hungry these cold days?

Of course I look fine, said the fox. I hunt all the time and get plenty of food.

What do you hunt?

The fox had to think hard for an answer; then he said, Well, I fish every day.

It was winter then, and so far north the days were very short. The sun got up late in the morning, and went to bed again in about three hours; even then he didn’t get far up in the sky, but hung low like a great big red balloon on the horizon.

The wolf asked the fox where he was getting all that fish.

The fox answered, O, I have a big lake where I get all the fish I want. I will show it to you if you would like me to. And he asked the wolf if he had any hooks to fish with.

No, said the wolf. I have no fish-hooks because I never fish. I don’t know how.

I will make you a hook and show you how to fish. It is easy, said the fox.

Then he took some of the dried grass which is used by the Eskimo women for making baskets; weaving a rope out of it, he put a piece of stone on the end, and he and the wolf went fishing like the best of friends. When they reached the lake the fox made a hole in the ice and told the wolf to sit near the hole and to drop the stone into the water through the hole, then to keep moving it up and down by the string.

Now, said the fox, you must remain the whole day moving that string up and down. When the sun sets you will get fish.

The fox stayed, playing about watching the wolf, who sat patiently by the hole splashing the stone up and down in the water. Pretty soon the fox saw the wolf’s big, bushy tail was getting covered with water. Now it was getting colder every minute, and almost dark, and at last the fox saw that the wolf’s tail was freezing fast to the ice of the lake. Then he began to laugh out loud: Ha ha ha!

The wolf looked around suspiciously to see if the fox was laughing at him, as he was beginning to get cross. He was tired, anyway, of sitting there joggling that line up and down all day.

What are you laughing at, Fox? he said. Are you trying to trick me like you do every one?

Mr. Sly Fox put on a very surprised and sorry face. O no, said he. I wouldn’t think of doing such a thing. I was just laughing with joy at the thought of all the fine whitefish we will soon have for supper. Then he began to play around the wolf, and soon he laughed. Ha! ha! ha! O my! I will have plenty to eat now!

The wolf turned with an angry snarl, showing his long fangs. What! Are you talking about me? Do you think you will eat me? We will see! And he made a leap for the fox, but his tail was stuck fast to the ice so that he could not get away. Throwing himself from side to side, and yelping like a dog, he struggled to get free, but still the ice held him prisoner, until at last, with an angry howl, he snapped off his tail with his own sharp teeth, and ran furiously after the treacherous fox, who was already nearly out of sight. The wolf chased him as hard as he could, and had nearly caught up with him, when the fox saw a hole in a steep bank and popped inside. The wolf was too big to go into the hole, so he sat outside, waiting for the fox to come out; but Mr. Fox was not to be caught that way. Knowing that the wolf would die from having chopped off his tail with his teeth, the fox just stayed safely where he was until morning; then came out and ate up his former friend. When he had finished devouring the wolf and felt well fed and comfortable, he started out in search of some other animal to fool.

In his wanderings he came upon a high mountain, which had a long smooth place down its steep side, made by a snowslide which had swept everything before it, leaving a glistening path in its wake.

The fox began to play sliding-down-the-mountain, and was enjoying it hugely. In one place he had to pass close to some big, sharp rocks, and he dug into the snow a little with his claws to get safely by. After that he climbed up to the top again, and there he saw a mountain sheep coming toward him.

Hello, Sheep. Don’t you want to play with me? asked the fox; but the sheep said that he did not want to slide there.

Why not? inquired the fox in a surprised sort of voice.

Because I know that if I slide down there, I shall be killed by those sharp rocks, said the sheep.

But the fox answered, Why, I thought a mountain sheep would not be afraid of a nice little slide like that. I will tell you how to do it. When you slide down, shut your eyes tight, as soon as you come near the rocks, and you will get past all right.

The sheep said, Let me see you do it first.

So the fox lay down on the snow and slid. As he came near the rocks he dug his claws a little into the snow to steer himself safely past. When the sheep saw the fox come back without a scratch on his fine red coat, he said, Well, I will try it, for surely a mountain sheep is as brave as a red fox!

Shutting his eyes tight, he said, One, two, three! And away he went, down like the wind straight into the sharp rocks, and was killed.

That wicked fox was glad. He laughed again, for now he had a whole mountain sheep to eat, and that is the sweetest and tenderest meat in the world, and would last him a long time.

Before he had finished eating the sheep, a bear came along.

Fox, how did you kill that sheep?

I didn’t kill that sheep. I found it dead, said the fox, for he did not want the bear to know how treacherous he was.

Well, we will share what is left, said the bear; and of course the fox did not dare to refuse him. He was a pretty big bear, and looked rather fierce and very hungry.

No bear has any business to be wandering about the forest in winter. He should have been snugly sleeping in his den until summer time like any self-respecting bear does, except a polar bear, who stays out all night.

They filled themselves up on sheep meat, and then walked away through the woods together like old friends.

Fox, said the bear, are you ever afraid of animals?

There is not an animal in the world I am afraid of, said the fox, except that two-legged creature called Man. Of him I am in constant terror.

The bear laughed at him. You are silly to be afraid of that. I am not afraid of a man; only of ptarmigan.

Then it was the fox’s turn to laugh. Why, I kill ptarmigan and eat them!

The bear did not like to be laughed at much by a fox, so he walked quietly along for a while, thinking; then he said, Well, Fox, I will make a bargain with you. If you will kill two ptarmigan for me, I will kill two men, and give you one.

The fox looked pleased. That is easy, said he. You wait here. And off he went trotting out of sight.

I am sure he played some trick again, for ptarmigan are not easy to see in winter against the snow, when they wear their white dresses.

Mr. Fox very shortly came back with a ptarmigan in his mouth. He gave it to the bear, who after eating it said, Now, Fox, I will go and find a man for you.

For two whole days the fox waited for the bear, and the bear did not come back. Then the fox felt sure that the bear had been killed, and he wanted to see how the man had killed him.

Closely following the bear’s tracks, he found the tracks of two men also. The fox was really scared at the sight of the men’s tracks. He was terribly afraid of men, and he began to be sorry that he had been so wicked and had killed so many of his friends.

Sneaking through the woods with his tail dragging, he passed near a trap, which he could smell for a long distance, it was so dirty. There was no danger of his being caught in that trap. He said to himself, That man is lazy; he will never catch any animals in his dirty traps. A lazy man will never catch anything.

After a while he passed another trap, but this one had been set out hastily, so the fox got the bait without getting caught.

That man is lazy, too, said the fox, for he gets up too late in the morning to put out his trap. These men are stupid creatures anyway. I don’t believe I am afraid of them after all.

Just as he said this, snap, Mr. Smart Fox was caught at last.

Snap, Mr. Smart Fox was caught at last

Ah! sighed the fox. There is one man who is not lazy. His trap is clean; I could neither smell it, nor see it. I am caught now.

So this is what happened to the bad fox who had killed so many animals.

It never pays to be treacherous. One should always be loyal to one’s friends.

## MI-E-RAK-PUK

Long ago, near the mouth of the Copper Mine River, which flows into the Arctic River, there lived an enormous giant whose name was Mi-e-rak-puk, which in the Eskimo language means Giant. His cave was not far from an Eskimo village, and he kept the people of that village in constant terror because when he could not get enough whale meat, or seal to eat, he would capture the little children and eat them up.

One fine day in the autumn a band of children went out from the village to gather berries. There were different sorts of berries all about there that were good to eat: blueberries, lowbush cranberries, salmon-berries and still others. The mothers put these berries away, so that they would all have something good during the long cold winters.

Before starting, the children had been cautioned not to go near the giant’s cave; but the sun was bright and warm, and the farther they got from home, the bigger and sweeter the berries seemed to grow. Then, too, they grow close to the ground, so that the children were looking down, and not noticing where their footsteps were leading them.

There was great rivalry as to which one would get the most berries.

One little girl said, Look at my basket. It is nearly full! And another one said, Mine are the biggest berries!

Then they all fell to quarreling about their berries, and no one thought of the giant; until suddenly a big voice roared at them, and there he stood.

Before they had time to recover from their surprise and run away, the giant gathered them all up in his immense hands and popped them into his big parka. Then, laughing loudly, he threw the coat over his shoulder and carried them to his cave. Poor little things! They writhed and wriggled and screamed and cried, but it did them no good at all.

The giant only laughed the louder.

Oh, if we had only paid attention to our parents, cried one little boy, we would not have come near the cave! Now the giant will eat us up!

They all fell to weeping bitterly, saying they would never be disobedient again, if only they could get away from the giant.

Just outside of the cave was a tall post with the giant’s totem, which was a large whale. Mi-e-rak-puk tied the parka to the post and left it hanging there.

Pretty soon, one of the children saw a bird fly by. They all began to sing:

Please come and set us free,
For if we must stay here,
Then eaten up we’ll be.

But the bird was a sea gull, and flapping his beautiful gray wings he sailed past them as though he heard nothing. Then they all fell to crying again.

After a while a weasel came along, and they started again to sing:

O Weasel, if you are kind,
Please come and set us free.
For if we must stay here,
Then eaten up we’ll be.

But the weasel went along about his business, and never even turned his head around.

Then the children spied some little mice playing around the foot of the post, and sang their song to them; but the wretched little creatures only frisked their little tails and scampered away.

At last a fox came by, the kind called cross fox because he has a beautiful dark cross on his back.

When the fox reached the post, he stopped and sniffed the air and looked up.

Then the little children sang their song once more, and the fox freed them by biting the rawhide rope with which they were tied to the post. But there was one little girl who had fallen asleep, way down deep in one of the sleeves of the parka, and didn’t hear the others when they tumbled out, which they did in such a hurry that they did not notice her absence.

The fox, who was very wise, suggested that they fill the coat with the white reindeer moss which grew so abundantly about them, so that the giant, seeing the coat so full, might think the children were still inside of it. Quickly they set to work and stuffed it out; then, hearing the giant coming, hid themselves behind a clump of low bushes nearby, and watched.

Pretty soon he came striding along with a huge jade knife in his hand which he was busily sharpening on a great boulder he had picked up in front of his cave.

He smacked his lips as he walked along, just as if he were tasting something good.

When he came to the post, he raised the knife and slashed open one of the sleeves, saying, Now, my little birds, you are going to make me a fine dainty for my dinner!

When he said that, and a bunch of moss fell out of the sleeve instead of a nice tasty baby, Mi-e-rak-puk flew into a rage, and stormed about the place and stamped his foot until the earth shook and the seismographs recorded an earthquake. Ask your parents what a seismograph is.

Well, then the angry giant tore at the coat, and the moss fell out and got into his hair and eyes, it blew about so; when suddenly out tumbled the frightened little girl from the end of the sleeve. Mi-e-rak-puk picked her up by the back of her dress, and held her out with her legs and arms waving in the air, just as a person sometimes holds a kitten by the back of its neck.

Ha ha! roared the giant. Now I’ve got you! But there’s so little of you, I couldn’t even make one good bite out of you.

The little girl squirmed and kicked, and then she said, O please, Mr. Giant, if you only won’t eat me, I will be good and work for you all my life, and keep your house clean, and do the cooking.

So the giant carried her in and put her down on the floor.

If you dare to try to run away, I will throw you into the soup, he said, pointing to a huge stone pot.

Then he made her take off her little parka and put on one of his, which dragged about her feet so that she could hardly move at all without falling down. After that he tied her by a long rope made of walrus hide, which is very strong, so that she could go out of doors but could not possibly get away.

While the giant was off hunting one day, the little girl’s parents came looking for her, and wanted to take her home at once; but she told them that the giant would surely come after her and destroy the whole village, if they did that; so the parents planned a trick to fool the giant.

The father and mother hid behind some bushes, and when the giant came home with a seal on his back, the child began to cry pitifully.

What is the matter with you? said the giant. You squeak like a mouse!

Oh, some of my old friends, the little children I used to play with, passed by picking berries, and they made fun of these clothes. Then she cried some more.

Well, said the giant, stop that silly squalling, and put on your own parka. You can’t get away from me anyway, for I keep you tied all the time. But give me my dinner first. I am hungry, and would eat you, if you were fat enough.

The little girl placed a whole cooked seal before him, which he devoured as though it were a dainty lamb chop, then she sang a little song, and he went to sleep. He snored so loud that the people thought it was thunder, which is very seldom heard so far north.

Softly slipping into his hand a tiny seal-skin pouch containing some sleep charms the witch-doctor had given her father, the little girl slipped out of the giant’s clumsy parka into her own small one. Taking a last look at the giant, to make sure that he was fast asleep, she ran out to her father, who cut the rope with his hunting knife. Lifting the little girl to his back, he started for the village as fast as he could go. The mother trotted along behind, keeping a sharp lookout over her shoulder to see if they were being followed.

Before they got out of sight, the giant snored so loud that the bag shook out of his hand and he awoke. Loudly he called for the little girl. No one answered. Muttering angrily, he rushed outside, and saw them hurrying away.

With a howl of rage, he strode after them, gaining rapidly upon them at every step.

When the little girl saw that he was catching up with them, she slipped down from her father’s back and struck the ground with her little fingers, saying some magic words that just came into her mind. Immediately a deep river flowed between the giant and her. It was so deep and wide that he could not cross it.

The little girl and her parents sat on their side of the river to rest, and watched the giant, who tried in vain to get across.

After a while he called out to the little girl to tell him how to get over.

She told him to get into a mussel shell, so he looked and found a mussel shell, but as soon as he touched it, the shell sank.

Then he called over to the child again, commanding her to show him a way across, and she told him to drink up the river and walk over.

Stooping down, the giant began to drink. He drank and drank until he was so full of water that he rolled right over into the river and was drowned.

Then the little girl and her parents went home, and the people of the village were safe and happy once more.

And so the winter is passing.

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